Editor’s Note: Spring Festival, the traditional "New Year Festival" in China, is not only the most emotional traditional festival in China, but also the most vivid embodiment of the Chinese nation’s values and aesthetic pursuit. In 2019, when the Spring Festival of Jihai is coming, the Buddhist channel of Phoenix.com launched the specially planned "Happy Year of the Heart and Pig: He Xinchun, a global monk", inviting the global monks to record a blessing video and send the warmest wishes to Chinese people around the world. This video is a blessing video sent by Master Zong Zhou, the abbot of Duobaojiang Temple in Shangyu.

Master Zong Zhou’s blessing written record: Dear Phoenix netizens, hello everyone! The old year is about to pass, and the new year is coming. In this new year, our life is like water in the desert. After a day, it will only decrease, not increase. Then we won’t waste it and dump it in the desert. Of course, if we don’t waste it, but always take it out of the desert and don’t drink it, it’s also a waste.

I wish you all the best in the new year. What we need most is our relatives around us, and our closest relatives are our parents. I hope we can devote this precious person to them generously, listen to their voices more and share our happiness with them more. In this way, we will get the greatest happiness with our parents.

Let us in the new year, everything can get the blessing of the three treasures, and everything is auspicious. I wish you all good luck in the day, good luck in the night and good luck at six o’clock in the day and night. Amitabha!

Master Zongzhou also prepared 15 copies of organic rice for everyone to become attached to. If you want to get it, come and participate!

Participation mode:

1. Wechat: Forward this message to a circle of friends, collect 20 likes, and send a screenshot to Wechat WeChat official account "Consciousness" to get it.

2. Weibo: Pay attention to Weibo’s "Phoenix Net Chinese Buddhism" and forward the video of Master Zong Zhou’s blessing, so that you can get it.

3, headline number: pay attention to the headline number Phoenix. com Chinese Buddhism, and forward the video of Master Zong Zhou’s blessing, that is, you have the opportunity to get it.

Welcome to pay attention to the official WeChat WeChat official account "Awakening" of Fenghuang. com, and be a disseminator of wisdom!

General situation of language and writing in China

　　　　There are 56 ethnic groups in China, which is a multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-dialect and multi-lingual country. According to The Language of China[1]Atlas of Chinese Language[2]There are more than 130 languages and about 30 languages in China.

　　　　The national common language is Mandarin and standard Chinese characters.

　　　　Chinese is the language of the Han nationality,[3]It is the most widely used language in China, one of the major languages in the world and one of the six official working languages of the United Nations.[4]In China, except for the Han nationality, which accounts for 91.51% of the total population, all ethnic minorities use Chinese to varying degrees, and some ethnic groups also switch to Chinese.[5]Modern Chinese can be divided into standard language (Mandarin) and dialect.

　　　　Putonghua takes Beijing pronunciation as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and typical modern vernacular writings as the grammatical norm. The Constitution of People’s Republic of China (PRC) stipulates: "The state promotes Putonghua, which is commonly used throughout the country." On October 31st, 2000, the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on National Common Language and Characters confirmed Putonghua as the national common language.

　　　　Chinese dialects are usually divided into seven dialects: Northern Dialect, Wu Dialect, Hunan Dialect, Gan Dialect, Hakka Dialect, Guangdong Dialect and Min Dialect. There are several power languages and many kinds of "local languages" in each dialect area. Among them, the northern dialect with the largest number of users is divided into four sub-dialects: Northern Mandarin, Northwest Mandarin, Southwest Mandarin and Xiajiang Mandarin.[6]

　　　　Among the 55 ethnic minorities in China, which account for 8.49% of the total population, most of the Hui and Manchu have switched to Chinese, and the other 53 ethnic groups have their own languages.[7]

　　　　In terms of language families, the languages spoken by 56 ethnic groups in China belong to five major language families: Sino-Tibetan, Altai, austronesian family, South Asian and Indo-European. Sino-Tibetan language family is divided into three language families: Chinese, Tibetan-Burmese, Miao-Yao and Zhuang-Dong. Belonging to the Tibeto-Burman language family are Zang, Jiarong, Menba, Cangla, Luoba, Qiang, Pumi, Dulong, Jingpo, Yi, Lisu, Hani, Lahu, Bai, Naxi, Jino, Nusu, Anong, Rouruo, Tujia, Zaiwa and Aru. Miao, Bunu, Mian, She and other languages belong to Miao-Yao language family. Zhuang, Buyi, Dai, Dong, Shui, Mulao, Maonan, Raja, Li, Gelao and other languages belong to the Zhuang and Dong language families. Altaic language family is divided into three language families: Mongolian, Turkic, Manchu-Tungusic. Mongolian languages include Mongolian, Daur, Dongxiang, Yugur, Tu and Baoan in the east. Turkic languages include Uygur, Kazak, Kirgiz, Uzbek, tatar, Salar, Yugur in the west and Tuwa. Manchu, Xibe, Hezhe, Ewenki, Oroqen and other languages belong to Manchu-Tungusic language family. Austronesian family belongs to Gaoshan languages, and Hui dialect of Hui nationality. Wa, De ‘ang, Brown, Kemu and other languages belong to the Monkhmer family of South Asian language family. Belonging to Indo-European language family are Russian belonging to Slavic language family and Tajik belonging to Iranian language family.[8]There is no consensus on the families of some languages, such as Korean and Beijing.

　　　　Chinese characters are written to record Chinese.[9]It is a common language used by the Han nationality, and some nationalities have completely used Chinese characters. At the same time, Chinese characters are the common language of all ethnic groups in China. Chinese characters were produced in the Neolithic Age before 3000 BC.[10]The Chinese characters used now are gradually evolved from ancient Chinese characters. The Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on the National Common Language and Characters determines the standardized Chinese characters as the national common characters.

　　　　Since the 1950s, the state has sorted out and simplified the existing Chinese characters, and formulated and published the first batch of variant forms, simplified Chinese characters, modern Chinese common characters, modern Chinese common characters, printed common Chinese characters, and Chinese character order (stroke order) specification for GB13000.1 character set. On June 5, 2013, the Notice of the State Council on Publishing the List of Chinese Characters with General Norms (Guo Fa [2013] No.23) was issued. The List of Chinese Characters with General Norms is an important standard for Chinese characters, which implements the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on National Common Languages and Characters and meets the needs of Chinese characters application in various fields of society in the new situation. After the publication of the General Specification Chinese Character List, the use of Chinese characters in the general application field of society should be based on the General Specification Chinese Character List, and the original related word lists should be stopped.

　　　　Before the founding of People’s Republic of China (PRC), 21 ethnic minorities had their own scripts. After the founding of People’s Republic of China (PRC), the government has worked out writing schemes for Zhuang, Buyi, Yi, Miao, Hani, Lisu, Naxi, Dong, Wa and Li nationalities.[11]

　　　　Judging from the writing system and letter form, Chinese characters are ideographic, syllabic and ideographic in terms of writing types, and there are ancient Indian letters, Uighur letters, Arabic letters, square letters, Latin letters and Slavic letters in terms of letter writing system.[12]

　　　　On February 11th, 1958, the Fifth Session of the First National People’s Congress passed a resolution to promulgate the Chinese Pinyin Scheme. The Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on the National Common Language stipulates: "The Chinese Pinyin Scheme is used as a spelling and phonetic notation tool for the national common language. The Chinese Pinyin Scheme is a unified standard for the spelling of Roman letters in Chinese’s names, place names and Chinese documents, and is used in areas where Chinese characters are inconvenient or unusable. Primary education should be taught in Chinese Pinyin. "

　　　　The Constitution of People’s Republic of China (PRC) stipulates that "all ethnic groups have the freedom to use and develop their own spoken and written languages". The Law on Regional National Autonomy in People’s Republic of China (PRC) stipulates that "the organs of self-government of ethnic autonomous areas guarantee the freedom of all ethnic groups to use and develop their own spoken and written languages", "the organs of self-government of ethnic autonomous areas educate and encourage cadres of all ethnic groups to learn from each other" and "educate cadres and masses of all ethnic groups to trust each other, learn from each other, help each other and respect each other’s spoken and written languages". The Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on National Common Language and Characters stipulates that "the state insists on popularizing Putonghua and promoting standardized Chinese characters" and that "the use of minority languages and characters is based on the relevant provisions of the Constitution, the Law on Regional National Autonomy and other laws". The implementation of these laws by the state plays an important role in safeguarding national unity and national unity, building a harmonious language life and promoting economic, social and cultural development.

　　　　Over the years, China has persistently promoted the national common spoken and written language. According to the sampling survey conducted by the Institute of Language and Written Application of the Ministry of Education in 2010, the national Putonghua penetration rate reached over 70%, and the proportion of literate people using standardized Chinese characters exceeded 95%.

　　　　On December 4, 2012, the Ministry of Education and state language commission jointly issued the Outline of the National Medium-and Long-Term Reform and Development Plan for Language and Literature (2012-2020) (hereinafter referred to as the Outline). The Outline puts forward the overall goal of language and writing work: "By 2020, Putonghua will be basically popularized throughout the country, the standardization of social application of Chinese characters will be further improved, and Chinese Pinyin will play a better role. The standard of language and writing basically meets the needs of society, and the level of informatization has been further improved. The language and writing social management service capacity has been comprehensively improved, and the social management service system has been basically completed. The scientific protection of the spoken and written languages of all ethnic groups has been strengthened. The role of language and writing in inheriting and carrying forward Chinese excellent culture has been further exerted. The national language strength has been significantly enhanced, the national language ability has been significantly improved, and the social language life has developed harmoniously. " The Outline defines seven major tasks of language and writing in the new period: vigorously popularizing and popularizing the national common language and writing, promoting the standardization and informatization construction of language and writing, strengthening the supervision and inspection and service of social application of language and writing, improving the application ability of national language and writing, scientifically protecting the languages and writing of all ethnic groups, promoting and spreading the excellent Chinese culture and strengthening the legal system construction of language and writing. Six key tasks and sixteen measures were determined, including popularization, infrastructure construction, supervision service, capacity improvement, scientific protection and cultural inheritance. Put forward "innovative ideas", "innovative working mechanism", "innovative management service" andEight innovation and guarantee measures, such as opening wider to the outside world, strengthening talent guarantee, improving scientific research level, increasing publicity and ensuring fund investment. The release of the Outline is an important measure to implement the spirit of the 18th CPC National Congress and the Sixth Plenary Session of the 17th CPC Central Committee, an important action to promote the construction of a strong socialist culture, and an important program to guide the language and writing work at present and in the future.

　　　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the national language and writing system has given full play to the unique role of language and writing in cultivating and practicing socialist core values, comprehensively improving citizens’ moral quality, enhancing cultural soft power, and enhancing national cohesion. On the basis of adhering to effective work measures such as the standardization of urban language and writing, the Putonghua proficiency test, and the nationwide promotion of Putonghua publicity week, Constantly innovating the work carriers such as Chinese classic reading, Chinese character dictation conference, China idiom conference, and the construction of Chinese language resources audio database have improved the language literacy of the broad masses of the people, strengthened the scientific protection of the languages of various ethnic groups, carried forward Chinese virtues and spread Chinese excellent culture. On June 5 -6, 2014, the China government cooperated with UNESCO to successfully hold the World Language Conference, reached the Suzhou Consensus, and put forward the concept of "language capacity building" at the UNESCO conference for the first time, which played an important role in promoting language teaching and improving language ability in various countries. After the World Language Congress, relevant departments, universities and academic groups successively held academic seminars on language ability and language development strategy, language ability and national security, social development and cultural communication, which promoted academic prosperity and the development of language and writing.

　 　 Remarks: The manuscript was reviewed by some national language advisory committees.

　　　　——————————————————————————–

　　　　[1] edited by Sun Hongkai, published by the Commercial Press in 2007.

　　　　[2] Co-edited by China Academy of Social Sciences and City University of Hong Kong, published by Commercial Press in 2012.

　　　　[3] Quoted from Modern Chinese Dictionary (6th Edition), published by the Commercial Press.

　　　　[4] Quoted from "Encyclopedia of China Language", China Encyclopedia Publishing House.

　　　　[5] Cited the data of the sixth population census, and referred to "China Ethnic Language Work", edited by Jin Xinghua and published by Ethnic Publishing House.

　　　　[6] This passage refers to Modern Chinese, edited by Huang Borong and Liao Xudong, and published by Higher Education Press.

　　　　[7] Cited the data of the sixth population census and referred to: Atlas of Chinese Language, edited by China Academy of Social Sciences and City University of Hong Kong, published by the Commercial Press in 2012; Ethnic Language Work in China, edited by Jin Xinghua, published by Ethnic Publishing House.

　　　　[8] This passage mainly refers to The Language of China, edited by Sun Hongkai and published by the Commercial Press in 2007.

　　　　[9] Quoted from Modern Chinese Dictionary (6th Edition), published by the Commercial Press.

　　　　[10] Quoted from "Encyclopedia of China Language", China Encyclopedia Publishing House.

　　　　[11] This paragraph mainly refers to "China Ethnic Language Work", edited by Jin Xinghua and published by Ethnic Publishing House.

　　　　[12] This paragraph mainly refers to the Language Survey Course edited by Dai Qingxia and the Study on the Present Situation and Evolution of Minority Languages in China.

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　　Soymilk, fried dough sticks and tea eggs. In Teheran, the capital of Iran, far from home, the China Red Cross assisted the Iranian volunteer medical expert team to have a Chinese breakfast specially prepared for them.

　　March 20th is the traditional Iranian festival Nowruz, which is the Iranian New Year, equivalent to the first day of the Spring Festival in China.

　　The local Chinese-funded enterprises specially sent these love breakfasts early in the morning to express their gratitude to the China experts who have been busy in Iran in recent days and provided them with epidemic prevention training, epidemic question and answer, diagnosis and other services.

　　China expert group visited Iranian local hospitals. (Image provided by the interviewee)

　　From the Lunar New Year in China to the traditional Iranian New Year, these China experts have been racing against the epidemic all the way without stopping. After eating the love breakfast, they immediately set off and started a new day’s intense work.

　　An expert from China who moved to Iran from Wuhan said that he hoped that Iran would welcome spring flowers like Wuhan as soon as possible.

　　Looking forward to, looking forward to, the pace of spring is closer.

　　Iran’s most deserted traditional festival

　　Look forward to spring.

　　Around March 20th every year is the most important traditional festival in Iran — — Nowruz, the Iranian New Year. Similar to the custom of celebrating the Spring Festival in Chinese, local people usually visit relatives and friends and greet each other during the festival to welcome the coming of spring.

　　On March 19, Iranian people wore masks to pick flowers and prepare to celebrate the festival. Xinhua news agency

　　However, this holiday season, Iran is still mired in the epidemic, and the confirmed data is still in a period of rapid growth. As of March 20th, the number of confirmed cases in COVID-19 has approached 20,000. According to the Iranian Ministry of Health on the 19th, an average of 50 people are diagnosed every hour in Iran.

　　The Iranian government called on residents to stay at home to celebrate the festival and prevent the spread of the epidemic.

　　On March 19, Iranian citizens wore masks to go shopping and prepare to celebrate the festival. Xinhua news agency

　　According to Xinhua News Agency, many Iranians canceled their travel plans and stayed at home for the holidays. On the first day of the Iranian New Year, Tehran, with a permanent population of more than 8 million, is like an empty city, standing silently in the mountains at the southern foot of the Elbers Mountains.

　　"I have lived for almost 60 years and have never seen the streets of Tehran so deserted." Local resident Motametti told Xinhua News Agency.

　　On March 20th, the streets of Tehran, the capital of Iran, were very deserted. Xinhua News Agency reporter Tony chen photo

　　On March 20th, the streets of Tehran, the capital of Iran, were very deserted. Xinhua News Agency reporter Tony chen photo

　　From Shanghai and Wuhan to Iran

　　Race against time all the way

　　The epidemic situation in Iran has spread rapidly and the death rate is high. It is no exaggeration to say that epidemic prevention and treatment work must race against time.

　　In the early morning of February 29th, a team of five volunteers from China Red Cross Society arrived in Teheran, the Iranian capital, with some medical supplies from China. Chang Hua, China’s ambassador to Iran, and officials from the Iraqi Ministry of Health greeted him at the airport. (Image from official website, Embassy of China in Iran)

　　Since February 29th, China’s expert group has been working in Iran for 20 consecutive days, and has been going to various parts of Iran to discuss and exchange with Iranian medical workers and experts in the field of public health, and to explore the treatment plan.

　　Zhou Xiaohang, leader of the expert group and director of the Shanghai Red Cross Relief and Rescue Department, said that in order to fight the epidemic, most members of the expert group canceled all vacation plans and have been working since the Spring Festival, and some of them were transferred immediately after finishing their work in the domestic anti-epidemic front line.

　　Qian Zhiping, a member of the expert group and chief physician of Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, has been working in Shanghai’s anti-epidemic front line since January 20th, which can be said to be from China New Year to Iranian New Year.

　　"It’s a pity that I have been out all the time and have been home several times occasionally, but I haven’t had time to eat a meal at home." Qian Zhiping said, "I didn’t have much rest after coming here. I had work arrangements every day. After coming for 20 days, I walked with my colleagues to the nearby community as far as possible and inspected the protection of residents."

　　I hope Iran will be as blooming as Wuhan as soon as possible.

　　Wang Dongsheng, a respiratory doctor in the First Affiliated Hospital of China University of Science and Technology, and Li Ming, a laboratory doctor, were new members who reinforced Teheran in March.

　　Wang Dongsheng just finished his anti-epidemic task in Wuhan. He said that Wuhan has gradually returned to normal, hoping to bring China’s anti-epidemic experience to Iran, so that Iran can be as blooming as Wuhan at an early date.

　　China experts are communicating with local doctors. (Image provided by the interviewee)

　　The expert team covers experts in many fields such as disease control, prevention and clinic. In Iran, they exchange experiences with the local Ministry of Health and frontline medical workers every day. After returning to the residence in the evening, we will have a collective meeting to summarize the opinions exchanged with local counterparts and experts, and then jointly study the prevention and treatment plan.

　　There is no point in going to work and no point after work. This is the normal state of their work in Iran.

　　The Iranian people kept saying: Thank you China, thank you.

　　What makes the China expert group particularly gratified is that both the detection ability of Iranian hospitals, people’s awareness of protection and the cure rate have been significantly improved. Experts from China gave everything to each other, which was also well received by local professionals and the public.

　　Zhou Xiaohang said, "The Iranian people are very enthusiastic about us. No matter the partners we meet at work or the people we meet on the street, when they see that we are wearing China Red Cross jackets, they will come over and ask for a group photo, and they will keep thanking us and saying, ‘ Thank you, China. Thank you. ’”

　　He said that at present, Iran’s previous measures have achieved certain results, but Iran will still face a critical period of anti-epidemic in the next two weeks and still cannot relax.

Ride all the way to the battlefield

■ Zhang Naiqian

"Helicopter+motorcycle", can you imagine that this will become a "magic combination" on the modern battlefield? At the Dubai Air Show held not long ago, a UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter displayed by the United Arab Emirates carried an electric all-terrain motorcycle through a special side hitch. According to reports, the "combination" aims to use helicopters to bring the special warfare team into the mission area and complete the rapid assault by riding a motorcycle in the "last mile" of the battlefield.

Riding all the way to the battlefield was once a real historical picture. Whether bicycles or motorcycles, these "small two-wheeled land vehicles" were quickly put into the battlefield as soon as they came out, and a number of classic weapons were successively produced in magic change. Today, we can still see them in the armies of various countries.

In this issue of "Wide Angle of Weapons", let’s look back at the "Hundred Years’ Military History" of bicycles and motorcycles and explore the wonderful past of "going to war alone".

They have a "hundred years of military history"-

The battlefield iron horse emerged.

In the classic French comedy film "Escape from Danger" of World War II, the scene of German soldiers riding military motorcycles and chasing British pilots all the way made people sweat for the brave and tenacious pilots, and at the same time, they deeply realized the unique role of military motorcycles in mobile operations on the battlefield. In another World War II movie "War Day", the Danish army that resisted the German "Armored Corps" turned out to be an army equipped with bicycles.

Look at all kinds of bicycles and bike-sharing now shuttling through the streets. Have you ever thought that their "predecessors" used to be "iron horses in the battlefield"? Since ancient times, the pursuit of flexibility and mobility has been the eternal goal of the armies of various countries. Compared with horses, they need to be fed and carefully cared for. Bicycles are light and flexible to use, do not consume fuel, have low noise and are easy to hide. They can not only transport soldiers, but also cross rugged mountain roads. It’s no wonder that bicycles were quickly favored by armies of various countries after their birth.

On the battlefield of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, the first military bicycle appeared. Prussian messengers rode bicycles to transmit information and orders on the battlefield, and the French army also sent bicycle squads to frequently penetrate the Prussian rear to spy on information. During the First World War, bicycles became one of the main equipment of the armies of the participating countries. France, Belgium and Britain each have more than 100,000 bicycle troops. Every light infantry battalion of the German Army has specially set up a bicycle company.

During the Second World War, the United States, the Soviet Union and Germany each had their own star "war horse". The American Harley-Davidson WLA motorcycle shines brilliantly on the battlefield, and the Soviet M-72 motorcycle is easy to produce and durable. The BMW R12, R35, R71 and R75 are all favored by the Germans. During the Iran-Iraq War, Iranian soldiers riding motorcycles quickly attacked the Iraqi army’s tank cluster, using rocket launchers, anti-tank grenades and burning grenades to storm the tank forces, and interpreted a unique war history of "motorcycles hitting tanks".

Today, bicycles and motorcycles are still indispensable and important "cars" for soldiers under complex terrain conditions. Regardless of the war in Afghanistan or Iraq, the U.S. military defines bicycles as special auxiliary equipment for Stryker armored vehicles and Hummer off-road vehicles. Once the vehicle breaks down, is destroyed or cannot pass through the terrain, the US military can take out its bicycle and ride all the way to the battlefield. In the open exercise screen of the Iranian Army in 2021, you can also see the scene of soldiers riding motorcycles to quickly launch a battlefield assault.

Swiss M93 military bicycle.

Bmw R75 motorcycle.

Not just a means of transportation—

Focus on operations and install "magic change"

At the China International Aviation and Aerospace Expo in 2018, China Aerospace Science and Technology Group displayed the "Cang Lang" missile launching system, which installed a multi-purpose missile launcher on an all-terrain motorcycle. The "infantry assault vehicle" equipped by the Nigerian Army can fully adapt to the local combat environment by installing protective shields and RPK series machine guns on motorcycles, and realize the integration of battlefield mobility and fire assault.

Since bicycles and motorcycles joined the army, they have been used for battlefield maneuvering, improving quick reaction ability, undertaking reconnaissance, vigilance and transportation tasks, and also quickly entered the battlefield "magic change" era with various weapons. British-designed BSA military bicycle has a rifle support clip installed at the seat strut for fixing guns; Italians who dare to "try early" put Maxim’s heavy machine guns on tandem two-seater bicycles; Germany also installed anti-tank weapons and light mortars on TR-FA bicycles. These "machine-gun chariots" react quickly, and the bomb load is not small in the case of multi-vehicle cooperation. They are strange weapons with both offensive and defensive functions on the battlefield.

Compared with bicycles, motorcycles are also a good platform for carrying weapons. During World War II, the Germans equipped heavy-duty sidecar motorcycles with machine guns, carrying several boxes of machine gun bullets and sometimes a light mortar. During the Battle of Berlin in 1945, the Germans used armed bicycles and motorcycles to infiltrate and sneak attack Soviet armored forces and destroyed a number of Soviet tanks.

Another one written in the history of weapons is the German Sdkfz.2 semi-crawler motorcycle. The first half of this motorcycle is no different from ordinary motorcycles, but the second half uses staggered load wheels and crawler-type walking devices, so it is called "Centaur". In 1941, this type of motorcycle was officially put into operation on the eastern front by the German army in the Barbarosa operation, showing its strong passing ability on the muddy road conditions on the battlefield. In fact, whether it is transporting ammunition, pulling artillery, or pulling a few heavily armed soldiers to support the front line, its battlefield performance is remarkable, and the German Air Force even uses it to tow aircraft, which is called the "all-purpose oil" equipment of the Germans on the battlefield.

Will motorcycle.

German semi-crawler motorcycle.

Get through the "last mile" of the battlefield-

The wheels are rolling and the stage is vast.

With the smoke of World War II dispersed, mechanization and informatization have become the main theme of military development in various countries, and a large number of mechanized equipment have been installed one after another. As "veterans" in the military, bicycles and motorcycles seem to be slowly retiring. In fact, as a portable vehicle that can get through the "last mile" of the battlefield, cycling vehicles still have a broad stage in the modern battlefield.

Rapid force delivery should not be underestimated. As the most "bicycle-loving" army, the Swiss bicycle force was not abolished until the beginning of this century. When you open the map, you can find that Switzerland, which has many mountains and lakes, is a "paradise" for cycling troops. They can cross most mountain roads without fuel and fight in various complex terrain conditions. For this reason, even though the special bicycle troops were cancelled, Switzerland still has not given up military bicycles. Besides exercising physical fitness and adapting to the unique mountain environment, it is also specially used for special forces. Compared with bicycles, armies all over the world still keep a certain number of military motorcycles. Germany’s latest "BMW" F850 GS military motorcycle is a cross-country motorcycle specially used for fast maneuvering.

Folding portability is favored by officers and men. In addition to constantly improving the attack capability, folding and portability has also become the direction of bicycle and motorcycle modification. During World War II, British and German airborne troops were equipped with folding paratroopers’ bicycles. Britain has specially designed Will folding motorcycles for British special operations forces and airborne troops. After the motorcycle is folded and airdropped by a special umbrella bag, it can be unfolded and set off within 10 seconds. In the 1980s, multifunctional mountain bikes and foldable paratroopers developed by the US Department of Defense entered the US military service. The "Paratrooper" folding bicycle weighs 14 kilograms, can carry 150 kilograms, and the length and width of the body are not more than 90 centimeters. The bicycle can be folded or unfolded within 30 seconds. Because it is light and small, the "paratrooper" folding bicycle can be tied to the outside of tanks and armored vehicles, or hung on the paratroopers’ chest to skydive together, giving paratroopers flexible and fast mobility.

Electric silent or become the trend of the times. The electric car has good mute performance, and the sound it makes is even smaller than the voice of people. It can be used for special forces to quickly pass through rugged terrain and launch battlefield raids quietly. The "EZ Rider" electric vehicle being tested by the US Special Forces and the Israel Defense Forces can haul 250 kilograms of materials and travel nearly 40 kilometers on a single charge, which is suitable for special forces. The "Golan" electric off-road vehicle developed by Russia has a top speed of 110 kilometers per hour and a cruising range of 370 kilometers with additional batteries. Russia also specially installed AK-74 rifles, RPG rocket launchers and Grenade launchers for the "Golan" electric off-road vehicle, in order to play an important role in future special forces’ ambush and reconnaissance operations.

Layout design: Xie An

E-mail for this edition: jfjbbqdg@163.com

　　Cctv news(News Network): In January this year, the new version of the national medical insurance drug list was implemented, and the national negotiated drugs have been equipped in more than 150,000 designated medical institutions across the country.

　　Mr. Xie, a citizen of Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, bought a national medical insurance negotiation drug in a retail pharmacy, which is a targeted drug for the treatment of malignant tumors.

　　On January 1st this year, the new national medical insurance catalogue was implemented, and 67 kinds of drugs were added through negotiation, with an average price reduction of 62%, covering the demand for drugs such as tumors, chronic diseases and rare diseases. To reduce the drug burden of the masses, it is not only that drugs can be "reimbursed" in medical insurance, but also that people can use drugs conveniently and quickly, so as to improve the accessibility of negotiated drugs. In order to solve the problem of negotiating drugs landing, in May last year, the National Medical Insurance Bureau put forward a "dual-channel" management mechanism for negotiating drugs, determined that designated retail pharmacies should be included in the supply guarantee scope of medical insurance drugs, and implemented a unified payment policy with medical institutions. By the end of February 2022, the negotiated drugs in the new national medical insurance drug list during the agreement period were equipped in 154,700 designated medical institutions nationwide, of which 42,100 were designated medical institutions and 112,600 were designated retail pharmacies.

　　According to the National Medical Insurance Bureau, in January this year alone, during the agreement period, 17.7387 million people were reimbursed for drugs negotiated, and the medical insurance fund spent 5.197 billion yuan, with an average actual reimbursement rate of 69.12%.

　　Since 2018, a total of six batches of drugs have been purchased by the state, and a total of 234 drugs have been purchased, involving 30% of the total annual procurement of chemicals in public medical institutions. According to the purchase amount before centralized procurement, the accumulated cost savings are more than 260 billion yuan.

Author: Xiangya Medical College of Central South University-Wang Xuemei

The development process of red blood cell system in bone marrow is pluripotent stem cells → pluripotent stem cells → primitive red blood cells → early erythrocytes → middle erythrocytes → late erythrocytes → reticulocytes → mature erythrocytes. Today we are going to talk about reticulocytes.

　

reticulocyte

Reticulocyte is a transitional cell from enucleated late erythrocytes to mature erythrocytes. It is named reticulocyte because of the remaining basophilic substances such as ribosomes and ribonucleic acid in its cytoplasm. After living staining with Brilliant Tar Blue or Neomethylene Blue, blue or blue-green reticular structure can be seen in its cytoplasm. This kind of cell belongs to immature red blood cells, which remain in the bone marrow for a certain period of time before being released into the blood stream. Therefore, the number of reticulocytes in bone marrow is not only higher than that in peripheral blood, but also naive, which is a sensitive index to judge the inhibition and recovery of hematopoietic function in bone marrow.

Clinical significance of reticulocyte parameters

Differential diagnosis of anemia

The combination of absolute reticulocyte count (RET﹟) and immature reticulocyte index (IFR) is helpful to judge the type of anemia.

Table 1. Differential diagnosis of anemia by RET combined with IRF [1-3]

Notes:

(1) The results only explain the experimental research samples;

(2) Immature reticulocyte index (IFR) is defined as the ratio of immature or immature reticulocytes to total reticulocytes. The closer to maturity, the lower the fluorescence intensity of reticulocytes, and the larger the volume of immature reticulocytes. According to their light scattering characteristics, they are mainly high and medium fluorescence reticulocytes with high fluorescence intensity and high residual RNA content.

Monitoring of radiotherapy and chemotherapy

The dynamic observation of reticulocyte can guide the clinical adjustment of treatment plan in time and avoid serious bone marrow suppression. In the process of cancer chemotherapy, 1RF is a very sensitive index to reflect bone marrow suppression and recovery. In the stage of complete bone marrow suppression, IRF can be reduced to zero. After receiving radiotherapy and chemotherapy, if bone marrow suppression occurs, the IFR will first decrease and then the reticulocyte value will decrease. If the bone marrow begins to recover after stopping radiotherapy and chemotherapy, IFR will also increase first, and then the reticulocyte value will increase. Immature reticulocyte (IRF) is an important sensitive index to evaluate the curative effect of anemia drugs, especially in chronic renal failure or acquired immunodeficiency disease.

Monitoring of bone marrow transplantation

The increase of peripheral blood granulocyte count is the basis for early monitoring after transplantation, but the absolute value of granulocyte may be affected by simultaneous infection and transplant rejection. In addition, preventive platelet transfusion will also affect the monitoring of platelet manufacturing ability in the early stage of transplantation. Therefore, both are not ideal. Reticulocyte parameter is an independent parameter to detect hematopoietic recovery of bone marrow, which is usually not related to transplantation complications.

Ret-he (reticulocyte hemoglobin)

It is used to diagnose iron metabolism disorder anemia and detect the state of iron storage in the body. This parameter is of great value for the diagnosis and treatment of anemia caused by functional iron deficiency, and can monitor the effect of EPO and iron treatment. Ret-He is decreased in functional iron deficiency caused by stored iron loss, which is a typical iron deficiency anemia and can be treated with iron agent (orally). When functional iron deficiency is accompanied by RET-He decline in iron-rich state, iron injection and EPO should be used for treatment.

references

Jia Lianling, Ou Hongling, Huan Wang, Zhao Haijiao, Li Meng, Wang Xinru. Diagnostic value of new reticulocyte parameters for anemia [J].

Xu Guizhu, Ronghua Qiu. Clinical significance of reticulocyte and red blood cell parameters in differential diagnosis of thalassemia and iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women [J].

Chen Min, Xiaowei Liu. Clinical value of reticulocyte parameters in diagnosis of anemia [J].

This article was originally written by the Voice of Inspection, please indicate the source.

Editor: Green is about to drip

Review: Chenchen

　　The summer vacation is coming, and the long task of accompanying the baby begins. There are some restaurants in Beijing, which are most suitable for children to spend a relaxing hour in summer, that is, warm and interesting pet restaurants.

　　Many friends around me like cats and dogs very much, and the baby is naturally fond of small animals, but for various reasons, she can’t raise them herself, so she can only go to some cat cafes or dog restaurants to have fun. A careful inventory shows that there are many such pet restaurants in Beijing, and not only cats and dogs, raccoons and alpacas … … I’m afraid the children went to these places and forgot to eat when they were just playing!

　　Super healing "expression pack expert" is now true.

　　Shiba Inu is definitely a new overlord in the cute pet world, and has captured the hearts of all dog lovers with various expression packs. Therefore, when Beijing finally has a coffee shop with the theme of Shiba Inu, it naturally attracts a large wave of people to "pull the grass". The "Dahuangjia Shiba Inu Theme Coffee Shop" only opened at the end of May, but it was quite popular. It opened the latest recommendation of public comments, and it was all punched out.

　　Buy a package ticket, including a drink, and then you can go in and "burn firewood". All the people who enter the venue have to change their slippers, and their hands will be simply disinfected. Generally, venues with dogs will smell, but this one is very clean and has no smell. Whenever a dog poops, the staff will rush to dispose of it at the first time. There are also many air purifiers and humidifiers in the room to ensure the indoor environment.

　　The whole indoor space is not particularly large. There are probably less than ten Shiba Inu, black and white Huang Dou, and a few identical adzuki beans, especially like the pots and pans in The Life I yearn for. It is recommended to come in the morning, when dogs are in good spirits and may be sleepy in the afternoon.

　　Many friends say that the most lovely little firewood is actually the largest one named Dalong. It is very cooperative to touch and take pictures, and it is super docile, but it should be noted that all dogs in the store are not allowed to hug.

　　Remember to make an appointment in advance, especially on weekends. There are some reserved places in WeChat official account. You can also queue up early to get the number. Each session is limited to 40 minutes and each session is limited to 15 people, so the experience is still very good. If you go when there are not many people on weekdays, you can experience it for an hour.

　　It’s only a pity now, because the opening is too hot, for safety reasons, since June, the store will not accept children under 1.5 meters for the time being. I hope that children can enter the store when the management in the store is more mature in the future. But you can also take the children to the door to have a look.

　　Alpacas accompany you to eat western food.

　　The overall environment of this western restaurant is very good, the dishes are delicious and inexpensive, and there is almost no thunder. Even if it is not aimed at alpacas, this restaurant called "On the fourth floor" (Privy Council Store) is well worth a friend’s get-together.

　　Of course, many babies come here to see the alpaca Wangfu! Wangfu is very beautiful, with snow-white hair, round grape eyes and always walking gracefully. She is simply a supermodel in the alpaca world.

　　In the past, Wangfu could wander around the restaurant at will, and it was quite easy to take pictures with him. Moreover, Wangfu occasionally comes to care about what you are eating, but don’t feed it, even if it is lovely. Wangfu has its own exclusive food.

　　Now poor Wangfu is locked in the fence outside and can’t get close to each other when eating. It’s a little pity. But on the other hand, it also ensures the indoor dining environment, especially when it is necessary to wait, you can take the children to feed the alpacas first.

　　Hay is provided free of charge, but many children feed it desperately every time. Many times, it is obvious that Wangfu can’t eat any more, and he is listless on the ground, so he is distressed. For Wangfu’s sake of earning money to support his family at an early age, children should care more about Wangfu, properly feed and Doby, and don’t disturb it to rest.

　　Finally, let’s talk about the food here, mainly western food, which tastes good. There are indoor dining areas and terrace dining areas, and the whole environment is very comfortable. The restaurant didn’t focus on parents, but with more and more children coming to punch in, the supporting facilities for parents and children are becoming more and more perfect.

　　Meet with "Simple Noodles Jun"

　　Chigu Japanese Roast Meat izakaya’s first store is in Shijingshan, which owns Zorro, the first generation of online celebrity raccoon. On weekends and holidays, there are quite a few people who visit Zorro. Although Zorro is a big star, the shelf is not big at all, especially docile and clever. You can also hug him under the guidance of the staff, but you must disinfect your hands before hugging him.

　　In addition to Zorro, there are two little raccoon sisters in Shijingshan store. Their temper is not as good as Zorro’s. After all, the princess is a little proud. There is a cartoon raccoon with painted walls in the store, and the overall environment is very popular with children. You can also take the opportunity to tell children, look, this is the crisp noodles we ate when we were young!

　　Japanese food itself is more suitable for children’s tastes. The signature beef rice is explosive, and almost every table should be served. The amount of food ordered is sufficient, the taste is ok, and the cost performance is very high. If you don’t want to barbecue yourself, you can also ask the waiter to help you bake, and you can take your children to take a photo with the simple noodle king.

　　Last week, Chigu finally welcomed its own branch in Jiulongshan, Chaoyang, with a superior location and a much larger overall area than Shijingshan. There are three resident raccoons, and one baby raccoon is super cute and the most lively one.

　　Of course, the big star Zorro will occasionally visit the new store, so if you are going to see Zorro, you must find out in advance which store Zorro went to. It is said that on the opening day of the new store, the clerk announced "Zorro is coming", and suddenly everyone stopped eating and went to meet Zorro. It was really quite ostentatious. When there are not many people in the store, the manager will also take a group photo with Zorro on his shoulder.

　　Pet shop? Restaurant? Stupid can’t tell the difference.

　　This restaurant is particularly unfriendly to mothers with cleanliness, because there are so many small animals in it! Sometimes I feel trance and come to the pet store.

　　There are three Shiba Inu, 33 cats, two groundhogs and two chinchillas in the Kalamao Japanese cuisine theme restaurant. In addition, there are some birds and fish, which is a living small zoo.

　　Although there are many small animals, the indoor ventilation is well designed and cleaned, and there is basically no big odor. Of course, if you are particularly concerned, your mother will not recommend coming here.

　　There is a cat room specially set up for kittens here, and the taste of the cat room is not as optimistic as that in the restaurant, but the cat slaves say that this is nothing. Let’s "suck cats" heartily in the world of cats and cats. It’s a great mood. When these cats meet more people, they are not afraid of being born. They just lie there and wait for little meat hands to massage them. It should be noted, however, that cats themselves are creatures prone to hair loss. If you don’t want to take a coat of hair to eat, it is still recommended that you chop the rice quickly before you slap the cat.

　　When sitting in a restaurant, you can also watch hamsters and groundhogs through the window. Obviously, the groundhog has become a comedian in this restaurant, which is very funny. Every time he wants to eat, he makes a "groundhog roar" like a war, which is exactly the same as that popular expression pack, which makes everyone laugh.

　　Many pet restaurants are actually closed to children. This restaurant is more friendly to children, but when it comes to contact with small animals, parents must also do a good job of care!

　　Spend hours with cats.

　　There are many famous cat cafes in Beijing. The one to be recommended here is "Hours Light Cat Cafe" in online celebrity, which is also famous among many cat cafes.

　　Beiluoguxiang, which is just one road away from the noisy Nanluoguxiang, is much quieter. This cafe is located at the south entrance of Beigong. I want to remind you that there is still a small time in Beikou, but it is mainly dogs.

　　The store is very quiet, and there are about a dozen cats lying in it. Forgive us for describing them only by lying down, because they are really too fat. I don’t know whether the food in the store is too good or the life is too comfortable.

　　Whenever a guest walks into the store, the cats are used to it and don’t move. The first time I went here was in the afternoon. Maybe the cats were a little sleepy. No matter how I teased them, they ignored me. Later, a mother and daughter came. As soon as the little girl came up, she took out the canned fish. The originally listless cat suddenly jumped into front of the food. There are many tools to tease cats in the shop, which is also an effective way to make these fat cats move.

　　On the whole, the cats here are very docile except for some high and cold. Later, a friend took the baby once and met a super sticky cat, so he was willing to lie in their arms and hold it quite cured.

　　It is said that there are two small fights in the store now, but they only go to work occasionally, which makes people very curious. Will cats and cafes with fights often stage a cat-dog war in the store?

　　Text and photo courtesy/Jiang Yanqing (@ 么么么么么么么么)

　　The "Notice on Further Optimizing the Implementation of COVID-19 Epidemic Prevention and Control Measures" previously issued by the the State Council Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism mentioned that Covid-19 vaccination for the elderly should be accelerated, with a focus on improving 60-mdash; The vaccination rate of 79-year-old people, accelerate the vaccination rate of people aged 80 and over, and make special arrangements.

　　The Paper noted that many places have set goals around Covid-19 vaccination for the elderly: by the end of this year or January next year, the first dose of Covid-19 vaccine for people over 80 years old will reach 90%; The full-course vaccination rate and enhanced immunization rate of eligible target population aged 60-79 reached 95%.

　　Among them, the Office of Epidemic Prevention and Control Headquarters in Yexian County, Henan Province issued the "Notice on Further Accelerating the Vaccination Work for the Elderly in Covid-19" on December 9, saying that all units should make full use of big data means and combine the "knocking on the door" to conduct door-to-door verification, accurately find out the base of the target population over 60 years old, establish the target population ledger, mobilize one by one, and cancel the number one by one.

　　According to the circular, by the end of January 2023, the coverage rate of the first dose of Covid-19 vaccine for people over 80 years old will reach 90%, and the coverage rate of the whole process and the enhanced immunization coverage rate of eligible target population will reach 90%. The full-course vaccination rate and enhanced immunization rate of eligible target population aged 60-79 reached 95%.

　　The epidemic prevention and control headquarters of Ordos City, Inner Mongolia, said that before January 20, 2023, the first dose vaccination rate of Covid-19 vaccine for people over 80 years old in the city will reach 90%; The whole vaccination rate and enhanced immunization rate of eligible target population reached 90%; The full-course vaccination rate and enhanced immunization rate of eligible target population aged 60-79 reached 95%.

　　On December 8, Yushu Prefecture, Qinghai Province held a video dispatching meeting on the preparation of medical resources for epidemic prevention and control in the whole state. The meeting called for continuous optimization of various service measures, maximum convenience and security for the elderly, and full promotion of COVID-19 vaccination for the elderly. Strive to reach 90% in the first dose of Covid-19 vaccine for people aged 80 and above before December 28th, and 90% in the whole process and enhanced immunization for eligible target population; The full vaccination rate and enhanced immunization rate of eligible target population aged 60-79 reached 95%.

　　Emergency headquarters, an epidemic in Xuanhan County, Sichuan Province, mobilized on December 12, saying that COVID-19 vaccination is the best protection for the elderly. Please check the vaccination records of the elderly at home and take their elders to get vaccinated. According to its introduction, before the end of January 2023, the first dose vaccination rate of Covid-19 vaccine for people over 80 years old reached over 90%; The full-course vaccination rate and enhanced immunization rate of eligible target population aged 60-79 have reached more than 95%.

　　In addition, the leading group for epidemic prevention and control in Wenshui County, Shanxi Province informed that all towns and villages insisted on taking all the connections and doing a good job of mapping and inoculation according to the permanent population. Accelerate the increase in the vaccination rate of people over 80 years old and continue to increase the vaccination rate of people aged 60-79. By the end of January, 2023, the full vaccination rate and enhanced immunization rate of eligible target population aged 60-79 reached 95%. The first dose vaccination rate of people over 80 years old reached 90%, and the whole vaccination rate and enhanced immunization rate of eligible target population reached 90%.

　　Compared with other age groups, the basic immunization and enhanced vaccination rates of the elderly in China are low. According to the data from the National Bureau of Disease Control and Prevention, as of November 28, the number of people over 60 years old who were fully vaccinated accounted for 86.42% of the elderly population, while the number of people over 80 years old was only 65.8% of the population over 80 years old.

Decree No.89 of the State Administration for Industry and Commerce

　　The Regulations on the Administration of Advertising Publication and Registration, which was deliberated and adopted at the executive meeting of the State Administration for Industry and Commerce of the People’s Republic of China, is hereby promulgated and shall come into force as of December 1, 2016.　

Director Zhang Mao

November 1, 2016

Provisions on the Administration of Advertising Release and Registration

(Promulgated by Order No.89 of the State Administration for Industry and Commerce on November 1, 2016)

　　Article 1 These Provisions are formulated in accordance with the Advertising Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) (hereinafter referred to as the Advertising Law), the Administrative Licensing Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) and other laws and administrative regulations in order to strengthen the supervision and management of advertising activities and standardize the registration of advertising.

　　Article 2 A radio station, television station, newspaper publishing unit (hereinafter referred to as advertising publishing unit) that engages in advertising publishing business shall apply to the local administrative department for industry and commerce at or above the county level for registration of advertising publishing.

　　Article 3 The State Administration for Industry and Commerce shall be in charge of the supervision and administration of the publication and registration of advertisements nationwide.

　　The local administrative departments for industry and commerce at or above the county level shall be responsible for the publication and registration of advertisements and related supervision and management within their respective jurisdictions.

　　Article 4 To register advertisements, the following conditions shall be met:

　　(1) Having the qualification of a legal person; A newspaper publishing unit that does not have the legal person qualification shall apply for the registration of advertising release by its organizer with the legal person qualification;

　　(2) Having an organization specialized in advertising business;

　　(3) Having advertising practitioners and advertising examiners who are familiar with advertising laws and regulations;

　　(4) Having a place and equipment suitable for advertising.

　　Article 5 To apply for advertising registration, the following materials shall be submitted to the administrative department for industry and commerce:

　　(1) Application Form for Advertising Publication and Registration;

　　(2) Relevant media approval documents: radio stations and television stations shall submit the License for Radio and Television Broadcasting Organizations and the License for Radio and Television Channels; newspaper publishing units shall submit the License for Newspaper Publishing and periodical publishing units shall submit the License for Periodical Publishing;

　　(3) Certification documents of legal person qualification;

　　(4) The certification documents of the advertising agency and the appointment documents of the person in charge;

　　(5) Certification documents of advertising practitioners and advertising examiners;

　　(6) Certificate of use of the place.

　　The administrative department for industry and commerce shall, within five working days from the date of accepting the application, make a decision on whether to approve the registration. If registration is granted, the decision to grant registration shall be announced to the public; If the registration is not granted, the reasons shall be explained in writing.

　　Article 6 Advertising publishing units shall use their own broadcasting frequencies, TV channels, newspapers and periodicals to publish advertisements.

　　Article 7 The term of validity of advertisement publishing registration shall be consistent with the term of validity of the approval documents submitted by the advertisement publishing unit in accordance with the provisions of Article 5, paragraph 1, item 2 of these Provisions.

　　Article 8 In case of any change in the registered items of advertising, the advertising publishing unit shall apply to the administrative department for industry and commerce for registration of change within 30 days from the date of the change.

　　To apply for changing the registration of advertising release, an Application Form for Changing the Registration of Advertising Release and supporting documents related to the change shall be submitted.

　　The administrative department for industry and commerce shall make a decision on whether to approve the change within five working days from the date of accepting the application for change. If the change is approved, the decision to approve the change shall be announced to the public; If it is not changed, the reasons shall be explained in writing.

　　Article 9 Under any of the following circumstances, the advertising publishing unit shall apply to the administrative department for industry and commerce for cancellation of registration in time:

　　(1) The validity period of the advertisement publishing registration expires and the advertisement publishing unit has not applied for extension;

　　(two) the legal person qualification of the advertising publishing unit is terminated according to law;

　　(3) The registration of advertisement release is revoked or revoked according to law;

　　(four) the advertising publishing unit does not meet the conditions stipulated in Article 4 of these Provisions due to changes in circumstances;

　　(five) the advertising unit stops engaging in advertising;

　　(six) other circumstances in which the registration of advertising should be cancelled according to law.

　　Article 10 Where it is necessary to extend the registration of advertisement release upon the expiration of the validity period, the advertising publishing unit shall apply to the administrative department for industry and commerce for extension 30 days before the expiration of the validity period. The administrative department for industry and commerce shall make a decision on whether or not to approve the extension before the expiration of the validity period of the advertisement release registration. If the extension is granted, the decision to grant the extension shall be announced to the public; If it is not extended, the reasons shall be explained in writing; If no decision is made within the time limit, it shall be deemed to be granted.

　　Eleventh advertising units shall establish and improve the system of registration, audit, file management, statistical reports and other advertising business.

　　Article 12 An advertising publishing unit shall, in accordance with the requirements of the advertising statistical report system, fill in the Advertising Statistical Report on time through the advertising statistical system and submit the advertising operation of the previous year to the administrative department for industry and commerce.

　　Article 13 The administrative department for industry and commerce shall, in accordance with the relevant provisions, supervise and manage the advertising publishing units within its jurisdiction in the form of spot checks. Spot checks include:

　　(a) whether to engage in advertising activities in accordance with the registration items of advertising;

　　(2) Information on advertising practitioners and advertising censors;

　　(3) The establishment and implementation of basic management systems such as registration, audit, file management and statistical reports for advertising business;

　　(four) whether to submit the "advertising statistical report" in accordance with the provisions;

　　(five) other matters that need to be checked.

　　Article 14 Where the administrative department for industry and commerce revokes the registration of advertising release of an advertising publishing unit in accordance with the provisions of the Advertising Law, it shall notify the administrative department for industry and commerce that has registered the advertising release of the advertising publishing unit within 10 days from the date of making the decision.

　　Fifteenth radio stations, television stations, newspapers and periodicals publishing units engaged in advertising business without registration, the administrative department for Industry and Commerce shall investigate and deal with it in accordance with the provisions of Article 60 of the Advertising Law.

　　Anyone who obtains the registration of advertisement release by cheating, bribery or other improper means shall be revoked by the administrative department for industry and commerce according to law and be fined between 10,000 yuan and 30,000 yuan.

　　If the registered items of advertising release change, and the advertising release unit fails to handle the change registration according to the regulations, the administrative department for industry and commerce shall order it to change within a time limit; If the registration of change has not been handled within the time limit, a fine of not less than ten thousand yuan but not more than thirty thousand yuan shall be imposed.

　　If the advertising publishing unit fails to submit the Statistical Report of Advertising Industry as required, it shall be given a warning by the administrative department for industry and commerce and ordered to make corrections; Refuses to correct, a fine of ten thousand yuan.

　　Article 16 The administrative department for industry and commerce shall announce the registration information of advertisement release, such as approval of advertisement release registration, change registration and cancellation registration, to the public through its portal website or government public service platform. If it cannot be announced through the above channels, it shall be announced to the public through newspapers and other mass media.

　　The advertising registration information and administrative punishment information of an enterprise shall be publicized to the public according to law through the enterprise credit information publicity system.

　　Article 17 These Measures shall come into force as of December 1, 2016. The Measures for the Administration of Advertising Business License promulgated by the State Administration for Industry and Commerce on November 30, 2004 shall be abolished at the same time.

Open column language

In April, 1994, China fully accessed the Internet and became the 77th member of the international Internet family. This year is the 30th year of China’s full-featured access to the Internet, and it is also an important node of "half a child".

In just 30 years of development, there are many "things" worth remembering. In the past 30 years, the Internet in China has grown from scratch, from small to large, from large to strong, and many objects, applications or platforms have been born. The value of the above objects or applications is not only in business, but also a kind of feeling, which embodies people’s long-term memory of life and emotion.

To this end, Beijing News Shell Finance and China Internet Development Foundation China Positive Energy Network Communication Special Fund launched the topic "Internet 30 Years and 30 Things". I hope that by telling the story of the landmark objects, applications or platforms in the history of Internet development in China, I can outline the evolution of Internet in China in the past 30 years and see where it will go in the future.

A network cable 30 years ago connected China to the world. Nowadays, the Internet is half-baked and China is in the ascendant after the "Internet".

---

Art leader andy warhol said, "Everyone can be famous in 15 minutes" and "Everyone can be famous for 15 minutes". However, in the era of short video, it takes only 15 seconds for a person to become famous.

After nearly 20 years of development, the short video industry has experienced the evolution from the micro-film era to the mobile era, and then to the national era. It is generally judged in the industry that more and more short video platforms will begin to diversify, taking into account a variety of content and forms of expression; Industry players tend to be more concentrated, relying on the support of giants, and realizing the integration of Lian Heng through capital and resources. As a form of content expression and distribution, short video will be more and more integrated into various super applications. At the same time, with the strengthening of supervision and technological progress, the short video industry will also usher in a more compliant and broad development.

microfilm

In 2005, with the improvement of network speed and bandwidth, as well as the popularity of personal computers (PCs) and video recorders, the Internet began to enter the video era from the graphic era. Tudou, Thunder, VeryCD (electric donkey download) and other companies have been established.

It was also at the end of this year that an animator named Hu Ge edited the film "The Promise" into a short film "A Bloody Case Caused by a Steamed Bread" and detonated the network. The download volume even beat the original film "The Promise", which was considered as the embryonic form of a micro-movie. Micro-movies promote the grassroots of short videos, and inadvertently cultivate the awareness of netizens using fragmented time to shoot, make, upload and watch.

Established in 2006, Six Rooms introduced Hugo and launched his follow-up works, which brought huge traffic. With the gradual formation of video sharing atmosphere, Six Rooms, Tudou, Youku, Kuliuwang, etc. have stood in the ranks of domestic first-line video sharing websites.

Initially, these video websites were positioned as platforms for uploading and publishing original videos, which is quite similar to the concept of short video platforms today. However, at that time, user habits were still in the cultivation period, and shooting equipment and uploading costs were expensive. In 2010, Iqiyi, Youku and other players brought copyrighted content and capital into the market, and the wave of mobile Internet hit. At that time, the PC-side video sharing website was closed down or changed hands, and the six rooms gradually turned to the direction of performing arts live broadcast.

watershed

2016 can be said to be a "watershed" in the short video industry, and ByteDance’s entry is a landmark event. Before ByteDance announced "All-in Short Video", the number of short video platforms was close to 400, and Aauto Quicker, Second Shot, Watermelon Video, American Shot, Volcano Video, Tudou and other platforms quickly emerged and rushed into the first camp. They either seize the first-Mover advantage of segmentation and quickly accumulate a huge user base, or rely on Internet traffic giants.

Han Kun, one of the founders of Kuliu.com, and Zhang Hongyu, one of the founders of PPS, have been working hard in the field of short video for a long time. After Kuliu.com was acquired by Shanda.com, Han Kun founded a technology company in 2012, which is the parent company of Second Shot, xiaokaxiu and Live Broadcast, and entered the mobile video sharing. Zhang Hongyu joined Aiqiyi as PPS was acquired by Aiqiyi, and became an early investor of Second Shot. Secondhand relies on the strategic cooperation and investment relationship with Weibo, and has many stars and opinion leaders under Weibo’s banner. Most of the broadcast traffic is realized in Weibo.

Aauto Quicker was born in 2011. It was originally a tool for making moving pictures. In 2012, it transformed into a short video community and quickly accumulated influence among residents in third-and fourth-tier cities. However, Aauto Quicker said: "Aauto Quicker is not doing short videos or live broadcasts, but just wants to bring the ability of recording and sharing to everyone with technology. This technology can also be in other forms in the future. We hope that everyone can have equal opportunities for communication. "

The beauty shoot emphasizes the beauty function, the positioning is feminine and vertical, and the users are mostly women.

During the Spring Festival of 2014, hundreds of stars, including Lee MinHo, Fan Bingbing and He Jiong, gathered in Microvision to pay New Year’s greetings and broadcast them on TV in turn, which brought a small climax to Microvision: this application, which was launched in 2013, remained in the top five in the App Store for several days, with 45 million daily active users. From New Year’s Eve to the first day of the first year, millions of people released and watched short videos of New Year’s greetings through Microvision, with a total broadcast volume of hundreds of millions of times. Ten months after its launch, Microvision was established as an independent department.

ByteDance’s entry in the second half of 2016 became a watershed in the short video industry. In September 2016, ByteDance founder Zhang Yiming announced "All-in Short Video", and successively launched three short video products, namely watermelon video, volcano video and Tik Tok. According to reports, the three products have different positioning. Tik Tok is mainly a short music video for young people, volcano video is a daily life sharing platform, and watermelon is a mobile short video platform, which uses AI algorithm to push content to users.

With the strong entry of ByteDance, the short video industry has entered a new competitive pattern, and mainstream Internet companies have focused their attention on the short video field, unwilling to miss the new outlet.

The battle of giants

The "war" was first burned on the subsidy. In September 2016, Tencent and ByteDance almost simultaneously proposed their own short video subsidy plans of 1 billion yuan; In the first half of 2017, Baidu and Ali followed up. Baidu announced that it would divide the accumulated content producers into 10 billion yuan, while Ali proposed to support content creation with 2 billion yuan subsidies; In November 2017, Tencent opened its platform with 10 billion yuan of subsidies and resources at its partner conference, focusing on supporting short video entrepreneurship and even opening its own copyrighted content for producers to use; ByteDance’s watermelon video immediately announced that it would pay 2 billion yuan as the creator’s advance production fee.

At the same time as the subsidy, the platform is built. At first, BAT (Baidu, Ali, Tencent) did not set up a separate short video aggregation platform, but chose to add short video functions to their original super applications, and encouraged content providers to settle in various "accounts" to realize "one account settled in" and multi-platform distribution. Tencent’s Penguin is responsible for such functions, and Ali’s Big Fish is responsible for such functions. Baidu, Netease and Sohu have also followed suit to open various distribution accounts.

In the second half of 2017, under the temptation of the powerful broadcast volume and duration of short videos, major Internet companies also launched their own single short video platforms. In November 2017 alone, the short video industry ushered in four new products directly hatched by Internet companies, namely 360′ s "Fast Video", Baidu’s "Good Video", Tencent’s "Microvision" and Weibo’s "Cool Burning". In the first half of 2017, Ali upgraded the acquired Tudou to a short video platform. Tencent emphasizes social relations, Ali focuses on e-commerce, ByteDance plots information distribution, and Internet giants make short videos in their own good directions.

In the field of short video, capital layout has already begun. The second shot was first incorporated by the giants. In July 2013, September 2014, November 2015 and November 2016, Sina Weibo Fund invested in the parent company’s technology for four consecutive rounds, and was the lead investor in at least two rounds. At the critical moment, Weibo took Secondshot as its exclusive short video platform, helping Secondshot win the tough battle with platforms such as Meipai and Xiaoying.

Followed by Aauto Quicker, in March 2017, Aauto Quicker received $350 million in financing, and Tencent led the investment; In its tens of millions of dollars in financing in March 2016, Baidu Investment Department appeared. The veteran player "Mei Pai" belongs to Meitu, a Hong Kong-listed company. Watermelon video, volcano video and Tik Tok are big trees backed by ByteDance.

China’s Internet giants completed the power assembly of the short video sector in early 2018. From the perspective of capital, various short video platforms have embraced the giant’s thighs and "achieved each other" with resources and capital. From the perspective of application attributes, there may be few independent short video platforms in the future, and most of them are integrated into super applications as tools to attract traffic and distribute content.

Move forward in adjustment

By the end of 2019, short video traffic has basically been divided. QuestMobile data shows that as of June 2019, the number of newly installed users in the short video industry was close to 100 million, and the total monthly active users were close to 821 million, basically covering all netizens in China at that time. Among them, ByteDance (Tik Tok, Watermelon and Volcano) ranks first with nearly 600 million monthly activities after weight reduction, while Aauto Quicker ranks second with nearly 350 million monthly activities, followed by Tencent (micro-vision, hot pot) and Baidu (good-looking, all-people) with huge traffic portals.

Many commercial actions have been carried out almost simultaneously, and almost all the means of realizing advertisements, e-commerce, live broadcasts, enterprise numbers and short videos have been opened to content producers this year. Many content entrepreneurs bluntly say that it is precisely because of the "attack" of Tencent Microvision and Baidu’s good-looking videos that Tik Tok and Aauto Quicker are willing to open all these original platforms, such as e-commerce and advertising, to content entrepreneurs, so that they can get more shares in the ecology.

It can be said that short video has become the biggest outlet in the 4G era, and no giant wants to be absent. Although Tencent and Baidu were behind Aauto Quicker and ByteDance at that time, they all hoped to stay at the poker table and wait for the next outlet in the 5G era. Just one year later, "lucky" Tencent and others came to the WeChat video number, while Baidu "hastily" announced at the end of 2020 that it would acquire YY live broadcast under Huanju Group for over 3 billion yuan.

While the short video industry is in sturm und drang, the industry supervision is becoming stricter. In 2018, short video platforms such as Aauto Quicker, Volcano Video, Meipai and Tik Tok were successively ordered to be rectified by relevant departments. At that time, Tik Tok initiated the initiative of all sectors of society to jointly draft the Tik Tok Community Convention on the platform to strengthen self-discipline; At the beginning of 2019, China Network Audiovisual Program Service Association issued "Management Specification for Network Short Video Platform" and "Detailed Rules for Auditing Network Short Video Content" to guide the standardized development of the industry; In 2020, xiaokaxiu and pear videos were successively removed; The year 2021 coincides with the beginning of the 14th Five-Year Plan, and the short video industry is facing the "strongest supervision in history". The China Network Audiovisual Program Service Association issued the Detailed Rules for the Audit Standards of Network Short Video Content, which regulated and restricted the short video content in more detail.

According to the latest data, in 2023, 112,918,700 hours of Internet video programs were added, including 547,462,600 hours of short videos. Internet users watched Internet audio-visual programs (including short videos) for about 3 hours every day, and more than 750 million users uploaded short videos.

It is generally judged in the industry that more and more short video platforms will begin to diversify, taking into account a variety of content and forms of expression; Industry players tend to be more concentrated, relying on the support of giants, and realizing the integration of Lian Heng through capital and resources. As a form of content expression and distribution, short video will be more and more integrated into various super applications. At the same time, with the strengthening of supervision and technological progress, the short video industry will also usher in a more compliant and broad development.

This activity is supported by China Positive Energy Network Communication Special Fund of China Internet Development Foundation.

Beijing News Chief Reporter Bai Jinlei Editor Yue Caizhou Proofread Liu Baoqing.