1. The Amendment to the Constitution of People’s Republic of China (PRC) was enshrined in the Constitution through the Supreme Leader’s New Era Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought.

　　On March 11th, the Third Plenary Session of the First Session of the 13th National People’s Congress formally adopted the Amendment to the Constitution of People’s Republic of China (PRC). This is the fifth revision since the implementation of the Constitution in 1982. There are 21 constitutional amendments passed this time, which embody the major theoretical viewpoints and major principles and policies set by the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, especially the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era, embody the new achievements, new experiences and new requirements in the development of the cause of the party and the country, and become an important milestone for China to persist in promoting the rule of law and the rule of law.

　　2. The new state organs and the collective leadership of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference produced the leader of the Republic to take the constitutional oath for the first time.

　　On March 17th, the Fifth Plenary Session of the First Session of the 13th National People’s Congress elected the supreme leader as President People’s Republic of China (PRC) and People’s Republic of China (PRC) chairman of the Central Military Commission. From March 14th to 19th, after strict legal procedures, the new state organs and leaders of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference were successively produced, which realized the pattern of alternating old and new party and state leaders determined by the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, and formed the new state organs and the collective leadership of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference. According to Article 27 of the newly revised Constitution, "State functionaries shall take the constitutional oath publicly in accordance with the law when taking office". On March 17th, president, the newly elected supreme leader of the Central Military Commission, became the first leader of the Republic to take the constitutional oath.

　　3、我国隆重庆祝改革开放四十周年 改革开放再出发

　　12月18日，庆祝改革开放40周年大会在北京人民大会堂隆重举行。中共中央总书记、国家主席、中央军委主席最高领袖在大会上发表重要讲话强调，40年的实践充分证明，改革开放是党和人民大踏步赶上时代的重要法宝，是坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的必由之路，是决定当代中国命运的关键一招，也是决定实现“两个一百年”奋斗目标、实现中华民族伟大复兴的关键一招。大会隆重表彰了100名改革先锋和10名获得中国改革友谊奖章的国际友人。

　　4、深化党和国家机构改革顺利展开

　　3月21日，《深化党和国家机构改革方案》全文公布。这场党和国家机构改革的展开，标志着全面深化改革进入新阶段。这场深刻变革，把“坚持和加强党的全面领导”贯穿始终，贯彻以人民为中心的发展思想，着力推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化。改革方案公布后仅两天，根据新修订的宪法和刚刚通过的《监察法》而新组建的国家监察委员会就正式挂牌开始运行。两个月后，改革方案中确定的25个新组建或重新组建的部门就全部亮相。

　　5. The central government has taken many measures to promote the development of private economy.

　　On November 1st, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader hosted a private enterprise forum in Beijing and delivered an important speech. He emphasized that the position and role of the non-public economy in China’s economic and social development have not changed; Our policy of unswervingly encouraging, supporting and guiding the development of the non-public economy has not changed; Our policy of creating a good environment and providing more opportunities for the development of the non-public economy has not changed. China’s basic economic system has been written into the Constitution and party constitution, which will not change and cannot be changed. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader clearly put forward six policy measures to vigorously support the development and growth of private enterprises. The state has successively introduced a number of policies and measures to support the development of private enterprises.

　　6. The achievements of home diplomacy are fruitful, showing the demeanor of a big country.

　　In 2018, the Chairman of the Supreme Leader elaborated on the concept of a community of human destiny in four major home diplomatic activities: the 2018 annual meeting of Boao Forum for Asia, the Qingdao Summit of the SCO, the Beijing Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation and the first China International Import Expo. The first China International Import Expo is the world’s first national-level exhibition with the theme of import, and the China-Africa Forum attended by 54 African members is the largest and highest-standard home diplomatic event held in China so far. In 2018, the Chairman of the Supreme Leader stepped out of the country four times and personally promoted the concept of building a community of human destiny, covering 13 countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, Latin America and Oceania. In 2018, China formally established diplomatic relations with Dominica, Burkina Faso and El Salvador.

　　7. The People’s Army of the South China Sea military parade shows a new atmosphere.

　　On April 12th, the Central Military Commission held a grand military parade in the South China Sea. This is the largest military parade at sea in the history of New China. In 2018, the people’s army fully implemented the supreme leader’s thought of strengthening the army and showed a new look. With the approval of the CPC Central Committee, from January 1, 2018, the People’s Liberation Army will undertake the task of raising and lowering the national flag and firing salutes. Since January 1st, the Chinese People’s Armed Police Force has been under the centralized and unified leadership of the CPC Central Committee and the Central Military Commission. On May 13th, China’s first domestic aircraft carrier began its sea trial. On April 16th, People’s Republic of China (PRC) Veterans Affairs Department was formally established in Beijing.

　　8. Promote the development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt and protect the green mountains and green hills.

　　On April 26th, after on-the-spot investigation on the implementation of the development strategy of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader presided over a symposium to further promote the development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt in Wuhan and made important instructions, demanding that the restoration of the Yangtze River ecological environment be placed in an overwhelming position, with great protection and no large-scale development, striving to build the Yangtze River Economic Belt into a golden economic belt with more beautiful ecology, smoother traffic, more coordinated economy, more unified market and more scientific mechanism, and exploring a new path of ecological priority and green development. From May 18th to 19th, the National Ecological Environment Protection Conference was held in Beijing. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader attended the meeting and delivered an important speech, pointing out the direction of promoting the construction of ecological civilization in the new era.

　　9. Amendments to the individual income tax law have been introduced one after another through measures to ensure the improvement of people’s livelihood.

　　On August 31st, the fifth session of the 13th the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) passed the seventh amendment to the Individual Income Tax Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC). The amendment has made targeted amendments to the current personal income tax calculation and declaration methods, collection scope and collection methods, and tax relief scope. In 2018, the state launched a number of measures to protect and improve people’s livelihood. On July 1st, the Notice on Establishing the Central Adjustment System of the Basic Endowment Insurance Fund for Enterprise Employees was implemented. By the end of September, there were 46.199 million urban and rural subsistence allowances, and the average standard of urban and rural subsistence allowances increased by 7.6% and 12.9% respectively compared with the same period of last year. On October 1st, the Opinions on Establishing Rehabilitation Assistance System for Disabled Children was implemented. On October 10th, the National Health Insurance Bureau announced that 17 kinds of anticancer drugs were included in the medical insurance reimbursement catalogue. By the end of October, 35,000 children’s supervisors and 452,000 children’s directors had been deployed in various places. In 2018, the number of people participating in basic medical insurance in China exceeded 1.35 billion, and the participation rate was stable at over 95%.

　　10. Strictly investigate the problem vaccine case. Vaccine management enters the legislative process.

　　In July, the problem vaccine case of Jilin Changchun Changsheng Company was exposed, and the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader attached great importance to it and made important instructions. A group of people involved in vaccine cases were severely held accountable, and Changchun Changsheng Company was fined a total of 9.1 billion yuan. On August 7th, the National Health and Wellness Commission and National Medical Products Administration jointly issued the "Vaccination Plan for Rabies Vaccine of Changchun Changsheng Company". On October 16, the implementation plan of vaccine compensation for rabies in Changchun was announced. On November 11th, National Medical Products Administration and the National Health and Wellness Commission promulgated the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Vaccine Management Law (Draft for Comment), and vaccine management entered the legislative process.

On October 22nd, at the "What’s Off-road"-tank autumn technical conference held by Great Wall Motor, the grading standard of enterprise off-road was publicly announced for the first time. In this landmark grading evaluation, Tank 300 was successfully classified as a strong off-road grade by virtue of its hard-core strength, after testing in four dimensions, 20 performances and 70 indicators. Coincidentally, in the past September, Tank 300 stood out with 96.5 points in the off-road test list released by the professional media, and successfully ranked among the top six, keeping pace with many high-end and well-known hard-core off-road models from overseas. The outstanding performance of Tank 300 fully proves that the brand of off-road vehicles in China has been among the top in the world, which shows the strong strength of off-road vehicles in China.

Tank 300: Strong off-road, hard power

The reason why Tank 300 can occupy a place in strong off-road is mainly due to its excellent off-road technology and careful design in terms of safety, reliability and durability. Among them, the vertical non-decoupling architecture and the "three locks" are undoubtedly the two core technical highlights, which laid a solid off-road foundation for them.

First of all, the tank 300, with its vertical non-decoupling architecture, realizes direct and efficient power transmission and efficient control of four-wheel power distribution. At the same time, the tank 300 built on the vertical platform is equipped with a 2.0T engine and an 8AT/9AT gearbox, with uniform counterweight, smooth driving and stronger power output when off-road, ensuring excellent stability and passability in various complex terrains and easily coping with various challenges.

Secondly, the tank 300 is equipped with a "three-lock" part-time 4wd system, which is a sharp weapon for its off-road extrication. By controlling the power distribution, it is ensured that when one wheel is in trouble, the differential lock can lock the wheel, ensure the other wheel to obtain torque, and realize the stable output power of a single wheel, thus helping the vehicle to extricate itself from difficulties and easily coping with various challenges.

In terms of safety, reliability and durability, the tank 300 also performed well. A large number of 1500Mpa ultra-high strength steel was used in the body structure to ensure less deformation when it was hit. At the same time, with double pre-tensioned seat belts, OPW front and rear integrated side air curtains and active safety configuration, it not only ensured the safety and comfort of drivers and passengers, but also further improved the off-road performance and reliability of the tank 300. Not only did it get 3G1A results in the collision test of China Insurance Research Institute, but it also got five-star safety certification in ANCAP, Australia, which was superior to Jeep herdsman and Land Rover Range Rover in the same period.

To sum up, the tank 300 can not only easily cope with the terrain with complex and changeable adhesion, but also be comfortable in desert, mountain, snow and other complex environments, meeting the diverse needs of deep off-road enthusiasts and becoming a truly strong off-road vehicle in their hearts.

The common choice of cross-country enthusiasts around the world

Since its listing, the market share of Tank 300 has far exceeded that of well-known luxury off-road brands at home and abroad, and its global sales have quickly exceeded the 370,000 mark. In the past September, Tank 300 still maintained a steady sales momentum, with 7,804 vehicles sold in a single month, ranking first in China off-road SUV for 45 consecutive months, and becoming a benchmark in the domestic off-road market. While occupying a place in the domestic market, Tank 300 has successfully entered the international market and made a big splash on a global scale.

At present, the footprint of Tank 300 has spread all over Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Australia, South Africa and other countries, as well as North Africa, Central and South America and other places. Winning wide acclaim and trust from users around the world not only provides excellent product experience, but also highlights the technical strength and influence of China brand in the global automobile market.

Behind the Off-road of the Top 300 Tanks: the crystallization of the deep accumulation and innovation breakthrough of Great Wall Motor

It is based on this background and strength that the tank 300 is well-deserved to be classified as a strong off-road grade in off-road classification, which is not only an affirmation of the tank 300 itself, but also a direct embodiment of Great Wall Motor’s deep accumulation and innovation breakthrough in off-road field. Great Wall Motor has been deeply involved in off-road field for 34 years, and has accumulated rich off-road experience and technical strength from early pickup trucks to later SUV models. As the representative of the third generation of off-road vehicles in the Great Wall, Tank 300 perfectly combines powerful off-road performance with intelligent and comfortable experience, breaking the inherent impression of users that traditional hard-core off-road vehicles are not luxurious, uncomfortable, intelligent, exquisite, fashionable and high fuel consumption, and leading the off-road vehicle market into a new era.

In the future, with the continuous exploration and deep cultivation of Great Wall Motor in the off-road field, Tank 300 will continue to optimize its product performance and constantly refresh the benchmark model of off-road products in China. In addition, Tank 300 will continue to explore overseas markets such as North China and ASEAN with the strong cross-country attitude of, and provide excellent products for global customers, so that the world can see China off-road and China can see tanks off-road.

　　We will continue to introduce regulations to regulate the management of non-staff personnel in government agencies and institutions.

　　According to China Organization, in order to standardize the management of supernumerary employees in government agencies and institutions, Yan ‘an City, Shaanxi Province issued the Management Measures for supernumerary employees in government agencies and institutions in Yan ‘an. The rights and obligations of the employing unit and the supernumerary employees are defined from the aspects of the scope of application, total amount verification, employment procedures, personnel management and salary system.

　　The above-mentioned measures formulated by Yan’ an City make it clear that non-staff employees are not allowed to be employed in key positions such as civil servants (including staff in civil service law management institutions), important confidential positions, administrative law enforcement positions and personnel finance. Institutions in operational income generally do not approve supernumerary employees with financial burden. If there are vacancies and supernumerary staff can guarantee the work, supernumerary staff will not be approved. Logistics services such as security, sanitation, maintenance, landscaping, vehicle driving, etc. shall be socialized and marketized, and labor services shall be outsourced, and no supernumerary employees shall be approved.

　　Yan’ an City has also defined the requirement of "controlling the total amount" for the management of non-staff personnel in government agencies and institutions: the total amount of non-staff employees at the municipal level shall be applied for by the employer for employment plan, which shall be reviewed by the competent department in the first instance, reviewed and summarized by the Municipal Party Committee and submitted to the editorial board of the Municipal Party Committee for approval before implementation. The total number of non-staff employees shall be managed dynamically and reviewed and adjusted regularly.

　　In terms of funds, Yan ‘an City has made it clear that the average salary standard of non-staff employees should be controlled within 2,800 yuan/month, and all social insurance expenses should be based on 60% of the average monthly salary of employees in urban units in the previous year. The expenses required for non-staff personnel are included in the financial budget.

　　Recently, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province also issued the Measures for the Administration of Non-staff Employment in Xuzhou Municipal Organs and Institutions.

　　The first of the four principles listed by Xuzhou is "strict control and quota management": municipal organs and institutions should strengthen their ability to perform their duties, and the existing staff can ensure the normal work, and no supernumerary employment is allowed. The existing establishment is really difficult to meet the needs of the work of the unit, and the quota must be approved according to the prescribed procedures. After the quota is declared and approved, supernumerary employment can be used.

　　Xuzhou stipulates that municipal government agencies and institutions should check the quota and adjust it dynamically when using supernumerary labor. According to the responsibilities and tasks of the employing unit, the existing staffing structure and personnel situation, the quota of supernumerary employment is controlled within 15% of the approved staffing of the unit in principle. Institutions and institutions with a high proportion of existing non-staff personnel may be reduced in proportion according to the number of existing non-staff personnel. Municipal organs and institutions with financial difficulties, frozen staffing, overstaffing and no supernumerary employment shall not approve the quota in principle. Employers with weakened functions and irregular management will dynamically reduce the quota of supernumerary employment.

　　The "Implementation Measures for the Management of Non-staff Temporary Employees in Municipal Organs and Institutions (Trial)" recently issued by Ankang City, Shaanxi Province mentioned that Ankang City has established a joint meeting system for the management of non-staff temporary employees in municipal organs and institutions, which is composed of the Commission for Discipline Inspection, organization, preparation, auditing, finance, human society and other departments.

　　Ankang City also made it clear that, except for high-level talents introduced by policies, no supernumerary temporary employees shall be used for positions of government civil servants (including staff of civil service management institutions); Important confidential positions, administrative law enforcement positions and key positions such as personnel and finance are not allowed to use supernumerary temporary employees.

　　At the county level, some places have made it clear that the total number of non-staff personnel is "only reduced, not increased".

　　For example, according to the website of the Office of the Organizational Establishment Committee of Anhui Provincial Party Committee, in recent days, in order to standardize the management of supernumerary personnel, Feixi County of Hefei City has continuously launched a series of new measures from personnel entrance to assessment and supervision to effectively improve the management efficiency of supernumerary personnel.

　　Feixi County clearly and strictly controls the entrance: the county follows the principles of "total control, approved use, open selection, contractual agreement and dynamic adjustment", and the organization establishment department conducts saturation assessment on all applications for non-staff personnel to ensure that the total number of non-staff personnel "only decreases without increasing". It is understood that this task has been incorporated into the node platform of the county. Since the beginning of this year, non-staff personnel have achieved zero growth.

　　Yuhua District of Changsha City has also made it clear that according to the principle of "keeping things but not keeping people", we will adopt the method of "standardizing a batch and transforming (digesting) a batch" to orderly promote the cleaning of supernumerary personnel in patrol, co-management, landscaping and logistics service support, and gradually realize the digestion and streamlining of supernumerary personnel through merit-based transcription and government purchase of services. Since 2019, Yuhua District has recovered and transferred 70 employees’ real-name management personnel, and digested 130 non-staff personnel through government purchase services, streamlining by nearly 5%.

　　According to The Paper’s previous report, Chuxiong in Yunnan, Huizhou in Guangdong and Shiyan in Hubei are further standardizing the management of supernumerary employees, and a number of management measures have been put in place one after another.

　　[Global Times Comprehensive Report] "Nearly 15% of Irish adults have been raped, and one-third of them have experienced some form of sexual violence." A recent study in Ireland is surprising. According to a report in the Irish Times on the 25th, the survey on the probability of sexual violence in Ireland analyzed the data of 1,020 voluntary respondents. The definition of rape in this study mainly refers to the behavior of the perpetrator’s genitals entering the victim’s vagina, anus or mouth. The study found that 1 in 5 women and 1 in 10 men had been raped, and about 31% Irish adults said they had been sexually harassed to varying degrees.

　　At the same time, there is a significant gender gap between the victims. The results show that 49% of women have been sexually assaulted or harassed, while the probability of male victims is 19%. Among the interviewees who have experienced sexual violence, about 8.5% said that sexual assault occurred in childhood, 15.8% in adolescence and 16.7% in adulthood. (He Shan)

1905 movie network news The daughter of a senior musician died of a rare disease in 2021 at the age of 22. After his daughter died of illness, Bao Xiaobai became bald overnight because of the pain. In order to reunite with his daughter across time and space, in 2022, he began to study for a doctoral degree and study the AI ? ? reconstruction heritage technology.

The emergence of ChatGPT has set off a global AI wave. After repeated attempts and training, Bao Xiaobai recreated the "digital daughter" as he wished. Bao Xiaobai successfully restored her daughter’s voice by using three dialogues left by her daughter before her death.

Bao Xiaobai said in an interview that a family of three sang a birthday song together on his wife’s birthday a few days ago. "AI is a tool for pinning thoughts and an expression of thoughts."　He admits that although some people may not understand his approach, it is a simple wish for him: to hear his daughter’s voice again and to preserve her perfect image and voice in the digital world.

Bao Xiaobai’s "resurrection" of his beloved daughter with AI can’t help but remind people of the movie, in which Tu Hengyu, a quantum scientist whose daughter Yaya was resurrected with "digital life", which just shows the meaning of "digital life": crossing life and death and reliving family ties.

CCTV News:Recently, many tourists from China said that they bought fake jadeite in Myanmar. Some tourists said that the green color on the jadeite they bought faded for about half a year, and some black spots appeared. Others said that the jadeite bought in Myanmar was found to be filled and dyed when it came back to China for identification. The problem jadeites bought by these tourists all come from the Jiaowan Jade Market in Mandalay, a city in central Myanmar. So what kind of secrets are hidden behind these problematic jade products? CCTV reporters launched an investigation.

　

Myanmar Jiaowan Emerald Market

With the problem jadeite provided by consumers, the reporter came to Mandalay, the second largest city in Myanmar, which is also the nearest central city to Pagan mining area, the main producing area of jadeite. Kyauk Wan Market, the largest jadeite market in Myanmar, is located here. As early as more than 50 years ago, Jiaowan Jade Market was a distribution center for jade trading, but it was not until 2000 that a formal market was built. After continuous development, there were more than 1,700 booths for jade trading, and it was still expanding to surrounding areas. At the same time, this market is gradually strengthening supervision, especially the investigation and punishment of counterfeiting and selling fakes.

Wu Danwen, Chairman of the Management Committee of Jiaowan Emerald Market in Mandalay, Myanmar: There is a market supervision committee in Jiaowan Market, and police are deployed in this market. They patrol twice in Jiaowan every morning and twice in the afternoon to reduce the occurrence of fake sales through inspections.

In the interview, the reporter found that many businesses in the market have indicated that they attach great importance to credibility in their operations and have adopted various ways to prevent counterfeit goods. Since the management and merchants have taken many measures to prevent counterfeit jadeite from appearing in the market, how can many tourists buy problematic jadeite here? In the following investigation, the reporter found some special features of this market. In China, jade products are mostly sold in high-end shopping malls or jewelry stores; Here, jade products of various grades will be sold in these humble stalls and counters, and the business model here is also different.

There are a large number of tourists selling jadeite products or semi-finished products.

CCTV reporter: We have found a relatively special business model here, that is, behind these counters, most of them are merchants who buy jadeite, while in the market, there are a large number of tourists selling jadeite finished products or semi-finished products. For a large number of tourists, it is difficult to fully supervise the market management, which leaves room for counterfeiting and selling.

In the Jiaowan market, there are dozens or even hundreds of jadeite products, and there are a large number of tourists selling them in front of various stalls. And the bags of jadeite in the hands of these tourists are often sold in batches, and they are not sold separately.

CCTV reporter: We found that many professional merchants often buy dozens or even hundreds of jadeites at one time, but for ordinary tourists, they can only buy a few at a time, which makes it easy for some tourists to distinguish the difference between them. This is also the reason why in this market, the proportion of fake sales is very low, but tourists are often fooled.

Editor’s Note: Spring Festival, the traditional "New Year Festival" in China, is not only the most emotional traditional festival in China, but also the most vivid embodiment of the Chinese nation’s values and aesthetic pursuit. In 2019, when the Spring Festival of Jihai is coming, the Buddhist channel of Phoenix.com launched the specially planned "Happy Year of the Heart and Pig: He Xinchun, a global monk", inviting the global monks to record a blessing video and send the warmest wishes to Chinese people around the world. This video is a blessing video sent by Master Zong Zhou, the abbot of Duobaojiang Temple in Shangyu.

Master Zong Zhou’s blessing written record: Dear Phoenix netizens, hello everyone! The old year is about to pass, and the new year is coming. In this new year, our life is like water in the desert. After a day, it will only decrease, not increase. Then we won’t waste it and dump it in the desert. Of course, if we don’t waste it, but always take it out of the desert and don’t drink it, it’s also a waste.

I wish you all the best in the new year. What we need most is our relatives around us, and our closest relatives are our parents. I hope we can devote this precious person to them generously, listen to their voices more and share our happiness with them more. In this way, we will get the greatest happiness with our parents.

Let us in the new year, everything can get the blessing of the three treasures, and everything is auspicious. I wish you all good luck in the day, good luck in the night and good luck at six o’clock in the day and night. Amitabha!

Master Zongzhou also prepared 15 copies of organic rice for everyone to become attached to. If you want to get it, come and participate!

Participation mode:

1. Wechat: Forward this message to a circle of friends, collect 20 likes, and send a screenshot to Wechat WeChat official account "Consciousness" to get it.

2. Weibo: Pay attention to Weibo’s "Phoenix Net Chinese Buddhism" and forward the video of Master Zong Zhou’s blessing, so that you can get it.

3, headline number: pay attention to the headline number Phoenix. com Chinese Buddhism, and forward the video of Master Zong Zhou’s blessing, that is, you have the opportunity to get it.

Welcome to pay attention to the official WeChat WeChat official account "Awakening" of Fenghuang. com, and be a disseminator of wisdom!

General situation of language and writing in China

　　　　There are 56 ethnic groups in China, which is a multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-dialect and multi-lingual country. According to The Language of China[1]Atlas of Chinese Language[2]There are more than 130 languages and about 30 languages in China.

　　　　The national common language is Mandarin and standard Chinese characters.

　　　　Chinese is the language of the Han nationality,[3]It is the most widely used language in China, one of the major languages in the world and one of the six official working languages of the United Nations.[4]In China, except for the Han nationality, which accounts for 91.51% of the total population, all ethnic minorities use Chinese to varying degrees, and some ethnic groups also switch to Chinese.[5]Modern Chinese can be divided into standard language (Mandarin) and dialect.

　　　　Putonghua takes Beijing pronunciation as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and typical modern vernacular writings as the grammatical norm. The Constitution of People’s Republic of China (PRC) stipulates: "The state promotes Putonghua, which is commonly used throughout the country." On October 31st, 2000, the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on National Common Language and Characters confirmed Putonghua as the national common language.

　　　　Chinese dialects are usually divided into seven dialects: Northern Dialect, Wu Dialect, Hunan Dialect, Gan Dialect, Hakka Dialect, Guangdong Dialect and Min Dialect. There are several power languages and many kinds of "local languages" in each dialect area. Among them, the northern dialect with the largest number of users is divided into four sub-dialects: Northern Mandarin, Northwest Mandarin, Southwest Mandarin and Xiajiang Mandarin.[6]

　　　　Among the 55 ethnic minorities in China, which account for 8.49% of the total population, most of the Hui and Manchu have switched to Chinese, and the other 53 ethnic groups have their own languages.[7]

　　　　In terms of language families, the languages spoken by 56 ethnic groups in China belong to five major language families: Sino-Tibetan, Altai, austronesian family, South Asian and Indo-European. Sino-Tibetan language family is divided into three language families: Chinese, Tibetan-Burmese, Miao-Yao and Zhuang-Dong. Belonging to the Tibeto-Burman language family are Zang, Jiarong, Menba, Cangla, Luoba, Qiang, Pumi, Dulong, Jingpo, Yi, Lisu, Hani, Lahu, Bai, Naxi, Jino, Nusu, Anong, Rouruo, Tujia, Zaiwa and Aru. Miao, Bunu, Mian, She and other languages belong to Miao-Yao language family. Zhuang, Buyi, Dai, Dong, Shui, Mulao, Maonan, Raja, Li, Gelao and other languages belong to the Zhuang and Dong language families. Altaic language family is divided into three language families: Mongolian, Turkic, Manchu-Tungusic. Mongolian languages include Mongolian, Daur, Dongxiang, Yugur, Tu and Baoan in the east. Turkic languages include Uygur, Kazak, Kirgiz, Uzbek, tatar, Salar, Yugur in the west and Tuwa. Manchu, Xibe, Hezhe, Ewenki, Oroqen and other languages belong to Manchu-Tungusic language family. Austronesian family belongs to Gaoshan languages, and Hui dialect of Hui nationality. Wa, De ‘ang, Brown, Kemu and other languages belong to the Monkhmer family of South Asian language family. Belonging to Indo-European language family are Russian belonging to Slavic language family and Tajik belonging to Iranian language family.[8]There is no consensus on the families of some languages, such as Korean and Beijing.

　　　　Chinese characters are written to record Chinese.[9]It is a common language used by the Han nationality, and some nationalities have completely used Chinese characters. At the same time, Chinese characters are the common language of all ethnic groups in China. Chinese characters were produced in the Neolithic Age before 3000 BC.[10]The Chinese characters used now are gradually evolved from ancient Chinese characters. The Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on the National Common Language and Characters determines the standardized Chinese characters as the national common characters.

　　　　Since the 1950s, the state has sorted out and simplified the existing Chinese characters, and formulated and published the first batch of variant forms, simplified Chinese characters, modern Chinese common characters, modern Chinese common characters, printed common Chinese characters, and Chinese character order (stroke order) specification for GB13000.1 character set. On June 5, 2013, the Notice of the State Council on Publishing the List of Chinese Characters with General Norms (Guo Fa [2013] No.23) was issued. The List of Chinese Characters with General Norms is an important standard for Chinese characters, which implements the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on National Common Languages and Characters and meets the needs of Chinese characters application in various fields of society in the new situation. After the publication of the General Specification Chinese Character List, the use of Chinese characters in the general application field of society should be based on the General Specification Chinese Character List, and the original related word lists should be stopped.

　　　　Before the founding of People’s Republic of China (PRC), 21 ethnic minorities had their own scripts. After the founding of People’s Republic of China (PRC), the government has worked out writing schemes for Zhuang, Buyi, Yi, Miao, Hani, Lisu, Naxi, Dong, Wa and Li nationalities.[11]

　　　　Judging from the writing system and letter form, Chinese characters are ideographic, syllabic and ideographic in terms of writing types, and there are ancient Indian letters, Uighur letters, Arabic letters, square letters, Latin letters and Slavic letters in terms of letter writing system.[12]

　　　　On February 11th, 1958, the Fifth Session of the First National People’s Congress passed a resolution to promulgate the Chinese Pinyin Scheme. The Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on the National Common Language stipulates: "The Chinese Pinyin Scheme is used as a spelling and phonetic notation tool for the national common language. The Chinese Pinyin Scheme is a unified standard for the spelling of Roman letters in Chinese’s names, place names and Chinese documents, and is used in areas where Chinese characters are inconvenient or unusable. Primary education should be taught in Chinese Pinyin. "

　　　　The Constitution of People’s Republic of China (PRC) stipulates that "all ethnic groups have the freedom to use and develop their own spoken and written languages". The Law on Regional National Autonomy in People’s Republic of China (PRC) stipulates that "the organs of self-government of ethnic autonomous areas guarantee the freedom of all ethnic groups to use and develop their own spoken and written languages", "the organs of self-government of ethnic autonomous areas educate and encourage cadres of all ethnic groups to learn from each other" and "educate cadres and masses of all ethnic groups to trust each other, learn from each other, help each other and respect each other’s spoken and written languages". The Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on National Common Language and Characters stipulates that "the state insists on popularizing Putonghua and promoting standardized Chinese characters" and that "the use of minority languages and characters is based on the relevant provisions of the Constitution, the Law on Regional National Autonomy and other laws". The implementation of these laws by the state plays an important role in safeguarding national unity and national unity, building a harmonious language life and promoting economic, social and cultural development.

　　　　Over the years, China has persistently promoted the national common spoken and written language. According to the sampling survey conducted by the Institute of Language and Written Application of the Ministry of Education in 2010, the national Putonghua penetration rate reached over 70%, and the proportion of literate people using standardized Chinese characters exceeded 95%.

　　　　On December 4, 2012, the Ministry of Education and state language commission jointly issued the Outline of the National Medium-and Long-Term Reform and Development Plan for Language and Literature (2012-2020) (hereinafter referred to as the Outline). The Outline puts forward the overall goal of language and writing work: "By 2020, Putonghua will be basically popularized throughout the country, the standardization of social application of Chinese characters will be further improved, and Chinese Pinyin will play a better role. The standard of language and writing basically meets the needs of society, and the level of informatization has been further improved. The language and writing social management service capacity has been comprehensively improved, and the social management service system has been basically completed. The scientific protection of the spoken and written languages of all ethnic groups has been strengthened. The role of language and writing in inheriting and carrying forward Chinese excellent culture has been further exerted. The national language strength has been significantly enhanced, the national language ability has been significantly improved, and the social language life has developed harmoniously. " The Outline defines seven major tasks of language and writing in the new period: vigorously popularizing and popularizing the national common language and writing, promoting the standardization and informatization construction of language and writing, strengthening the supervision and inspection and service of social application of language and writing, improving the application ability of national language and writing, scientifically protecting the languages and writing of all ethnic groups, promoting and spreading the excellent Chinese culture and strengthening the legal system construction of language and writing. Six key tasks and sixteen measures were determined, including popularization, infrastructure construction, supervision service, capacity improvement, scientific protection and cultural inheritance. Put forward "innovative ideas", "innovative working mechanism", "innovative management service" andEight innovation and guarantee measures, such as opening wider to the outside world, strengthening talent guarantee, improving scientific research level, increasing publicity and ensuring fund investment. The release of the Outline is an important measure to implement the spirit of the 18th CPC National Congress and the Sixth Plenary Session of the 17th CPC Central Committee, an important action to promote the construction of a strong socialist culture, and an important program to guide the language and writing work at present and in the future.

　　　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the national language and writing system has given full play to the unique role of language and writing in cultivating and practicing socialist core values, comprehensively improving citizens’ moral quality, enhancing cultural soft power, and enhancing national cohesion. On the basis of adhering to effective work measures such as the standardization of urban language and writing, the Putonghua proficiency test, and the nationwide promotion of Putonghua publicity week, Constantly innovating the work carriers such as Chinese classic reading, Chinese character dictation conference, China idiom conference, and the construction of Chinese language resources audio database have improved the language literacy of the broad masses of the people, strengthened the scientific protection of the languages of various ethnic groups, carried forward Chinese virtues and spread Chinese excellent culture. On June 5 -6, 2014, the China government cooperated with UNESCO to successfully hold the World Language Conference, reached the Suzhou Consensus, and put forward the concept of "language capacity building" at the UNESCO conference for the first time, which played an important role in promoting language teaching and improving language ability in various countries. After the World Language Congress, relevant departments, universities and academic groups successively held academic seminars on language ability and language development strategy, language ability and national security, social development and cultural communication, which promoted academic prosperity and the development of language and writing.

　 　 Remarks: The manuscript was reviewed by some national language advisory committees.

　　　　——————————————————————————–

　　　　[1] edited by Sun Hongkai, published by the Commercial Press in 2007.

　　　　[2] Co-edited by China Academy of Social Sciences and City University of Hong Kong, published by Commercial Press in 2012.

　　　　[3] Quoted from Modern Chinese Dictionary (6th Edition), published by the Commercial Press.

　　　　[4] Quoted from "Encyclopedia of China Language", China Encyclopedia Publishing House.

　　　　[5] Cited the data of the sixth population census, and referred to "China Ethnic Language Work", edited by Jin Xinghua and published by Ethnic Publishing House.

　　　　[6] This passage refers to Modern Chinese, edited by Huang Borong and Liao Xudong, and published by Higher Education Press.

　　　　[7] Cited the data of the sixth population census and referred to: Atlas of Chinese Language, edited by China Academy of Social Sciences and City University of Hong Kong, published by the Commercial Press in 2012; Ethnic Language Work in China, edited by Jin Xinghua, published by Ethnic Publishing House.

　　　　[8] This passage mainly refers to The Language of China, edited by Sun Hongkai and published by the Commercial Press in 2007.

　　　　[9] Quoted from Modern Chinese Dictionary (6th Edition), published by the Commercial Press.

　　　　[10] Quoted from "Encyclopedia of China Language", China Encyclopedia Publishing House.

　　　　[11] This paragraph mainly refers to "China Ethnic Language Work", edited by Jin Xinghua and published by Ethnic Publishing House.

　　　　[12] This paragraph mainly refers to the Language Survey Course edited by Dai Qingxia and the Study on the Present Situation and Evolution of Minority Languages in China.

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　　Soymilk, fried dough sticks and tea eggs. In Teheran, the capital of Iran, far from home, the China Red Cross assisted the Iranian volunteer medical expert team to have a Chinese breakfast specially prepared for them.

　　March 20th is the traditional Iranian festival Nowruz, which is the Iranian New Year, equivalent to the first day of the Spring Festival in China.

　　The local Chinese-funded enterprises specially sent these love breakfasts early in the morning to express their gratitude to the China experts who have been busy in Iran in recent days and provided them with epidemic prevention training, epidemic question and answer, diagnosis and other services.

　　China expert group visited Iranian local hospitals. (Image provided by the interviewee)

　　From the Lunar New Year in China to the traditional Iranian New Year, these China experts have been racing against the epidemic all the way without stopping. After eating the love breakfast, they immediately set off and started a new day’s intense work.

　　An expert from China who moved to Iran from Wuhan said that he hoped that Iran would welcome spring flowers like Wuhan as soon as possible.

　　Looking forward to, looking forward to, the pace of spring is closer.

　　Iran’s most deserted traditional festival

　　Look forward to spring.

　　Around March 20th every year is the most important traditional festival in Iran — — Nowruz, the Iranian New Year. Similar to the custom of celebrating the Spring Festival in Chinese, local people usually visit relatives and friends and greet each other during the festival to welcome the coming of spring.

　　On March 19, Iranian people wore masks to pick flowers and prepare to celebrate the festival. Xinhua news agency

　　However, this holiday season, Iran is still mired in the epidemic, and the confirmed data is still in a period of rapid growth. As of March 20th, the number of confirmed cases in COVID-19 has approached 20,000. According to the Iranian Ministry of Health on the 19th, an average of 50 people are diagnosed every hour in Iran.

　　The Iranian government called on residents to stay at home to celebrate the festival and prevent the spread of the epidemic.

　　On March 19, Iranian citizens wore masks to go shopping and prepare to celebrate the festival. Xinhua news agency

　　According to Xinhua News Agency, many Iranians canceled their travel plans and stayed at home for the holidays. On the first day of the Iranian New Year, Tehran, with a permanent population of more than 8 million, is like an empty city, standing silently in the mountains at the southern foot of the Elbers Mountains.

　　"I have lived for almost 60 years and have never seen the streets of Tehran so deserted." Local resident Motametti told Xinhua News Agency.

　　On March 20th, the streets of Tehran, the capital of Iran, were very deserted. Xinhua News Agency reporter Tony chen photo

　　On March 20th, the streets of Tehran, the capital of Iran, were very deserted. Xinhua News Agency reporter Tony chen photo

　　From Shanghai and Wuhan to Iran

　　Race against time all the way

　　The epidemic situation in Iran has spread rapidly and the death rate is high. It is no exaggeration to say that epidemic prevention and treatment work must race against time.

　　In the early morning of February 29th, a team of five volunteers from China Red Cross Society arrived in Teheran, the Iranian capital, with some medical supplies from China. Chang Hua, China’s ambassador to Iran, and officials from the Iraqi Ministry of Health greeted him at the airport. (Image from official website, Embassy of China in Iran)

　　Since February 29th, China’s expert group has been working in Iran for 20 consecutive days, and has been going to various parts of Iran to discuss and exchange with Iranian medical workers and experts in the field of public health, and to explore the treatment plan.

　　Zhou Xiaohang, leader of the expert group and director of the Shanghai Red Cross Relief and Rescue Department, said that in order to fight the epidemic, most members of the expert group canceled all vacation plans and have been working since the Spring Festival, and some of them were transferred immediately after finishing their work in the domestic anti-epidemic front line.

　　Qian Zhiping, a member of the expert group and chief physician of Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, has been working in Shanghai’s anti-epidemic front line since January 20th, which can be said to be from China New Year to Iranian New Year.

　　"It’s a pity that I have been out all the time and have been home several times occasionally, but I haven’t had time to eat a meal at home." Qian Zhiping said, "I didn’t have much rest after coming here. I had work arrangements every day. After coming for 20 days, I walked with my colleagues to the nearby community as far as possible and inspected the protection of residents."

　　I hope Iran will be as blooming as Wuhan as soon as possible.

　　Wang Dongsheng, a respiratory doctor in the First Affiliated Hospital of China University of Science and Technology, and Li Ming, a laboratory doctor, were new members who reinforced Teheran in March.

　　Wang Dongsheng just finished his anti-epidemic task in Wuhan. He said that Wuhan has gradually returned to normal, hoping to bring China’s anti-epidemic experience to Iran, so that Iran can be as blooming as Wuhan at an early date.

　　China experts are communicating with local doctors. (Image provided by the interviewee)

　　The expert team covers experts in many fields such as disease control, prevention and clinic. In Iran, they exchange experiences with the local Ministry of Health and frontline medical workers every day. After returning to the residence in the evening, we will have a collective meeting to summarize the opinions exchanged with local counterparts and experts, and then jointly study the prevention and treatment plan.

　　There is no point in going to work and no point after work. This is the normal state of their work in Iran.

　　The Iranian people kept saying: Thank you China, thank you.

　　What makes the China expert group particularly gratified is that both the detection ability of Iranian hospitals, people’s awareness of protection and the cure rate have been significantly improved. Experts from China gave everything to each other, which was also well received by local professionals and the public.

　　Zhou Xiaohang said, "The Iranian people are very enthusiastic about us. No matter the partners we meet at work or the people we meet on the street, when they see that we are wearing China Red Cross jackets, they will come over and ask for a group photo, and they will keep thanking us and saying, ‘ Thank you, China. Thank you. ’”

　　He said that at present, Iran’s previous measures have achieved certain results, but Iran will still face a critical period of anti-epidemic in the next two weeks and still cannot relax.

Ride all the way to the battlefield

■ Zhang Naiqian

"Helicopter+motorcycle", can you imagine that this will become a "magic combination" on the modern battlefield? At the Dubai Air Show held not long ago, a UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter displayed by the United Arab Emirates carried an electric all-terrain motorcycle through a special side hitch. According to reports, the "combination" aims to use helicopters to bring the special warfare team into the mission area and complete the rapid assault by riding a motorcycle in the "last mile" of the battlefield.

Riding all the way to the battlefield was once a real historical picture. Whether bicycles or motorcycles, these "small two-wheeled land vehicles" were quickly put into the battlefield as soon as they came out, and a number of classic weapons were successively produced in magic change. Today, we can still see them in the armies of various countries.

In this issue of "Wide Angle of Weapons", let’s look back at the "Hundred Years’ Military History" of bicycles and motorcycles and explore the wonderful past of "going to war alone".

They have a "hundred years of military history"-

The battlefield iron horse emerged.

In the classic French comedy film "Escape from Danger" of World War II, the scene of German soldiers riding military motorcycles and chasing British pilots all the way made people sweat for the brave and tenacious pilots, and at the same time, they deeply realized the unique role of military motorcycles in mobile operations on the battlefield. In another World War II movie "War Day", the Danish army that resisted the German "Armored Corps" turned out to be an army equipped with bicycles.

Look at all kinds of bicycles and bike-sharing now shuttling through the streets. Have you ever thought that their "predecessors" used to be "iron horses in the battlefield"? Since ancient times, the pursuit of flexibility and mobility has been the eternal goal of the armies of various countries. Compared with horses, they need to be fed and carefully cared for. Bicycles are light and flexible to use, do not consume fuel, have low noise and are easy to hide. They can not only transport soldiers, but also cross rugged mountain roads. It’s no wonder that bicycles were quickly favored by armies of various countries after their birth.

On the battlefield of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, the first military bicycle appeared. Prussian messengers rode bicycles to transmit information and orders on the battlefield, and the French army also sent bicycle squads to frequently penetrate the Prussian rear to spy on information. During the First World War, bicycles became one of the main equipment of the armies of the participating countries. France, Belgium and Britain each have more than 100,000 bicycle troops. Every light infantry battalion of the German Army has specially set up a bicycle company.

During the Second World War, the United States, the Soviet Union and Germany each had their own star "war horse". The American Harley-Davidson WLA motorcycle shines brilliantly on the battlefield, and the Soviet M-72 motorcycle is easy to produce and durable. The BMW R12, R35, R71 and R75 are all favored by the Germans. During the Iran-Iraq War, Iranian soldiers riding motorcycles quickly attacked the Iraqi army’s tank cluster, using rocket launchers, anti-tank grenades and burning grenades to storm the tank forces, and interpreted a unique war history of "motorcycles hitting tanks".

Today, bicycles and motorcycles are still indispensable and important "cars" for soldiers under complex terrain conditions. Regardless of the war in Afghanistan or Iraq, the U.S. military defines bicycles as special auxiliary equipment for Stryker armored vehicles and Hummer off-road vehicles. Once the vehicle breaks down, is destroyed or cannot pass through the terrain, the US military can take out its bicycle and ride all the way to the battlefield. In the open exercise screen of the Iranian Army in 2021, you can also see the scene of soldiers riding motorcycles to quickly launch a battlefield assault.

Swiss M93 military bicycle.

Bmw R75 motorcycle.

Not just a means of transportation—

Focus on operations and install "magic change"

At the China International Aviation and Aerospace Expo in 2018, China Aerospace Science and Technology Group displayed the "Cang Lang" missile launching system, which installed a multi-purpose missile launcher on an all-terrain motorcycle. The "infantry assault vehicle" equipped by the Nigerian Army can fully adapt to the local combat environment by installing protective shields and RPK series machine guns on motorcycles, and realize the integration of battlefield mobility and fire assault.

Since bicycles and motorcycles joined the army, they have been used for battlefield maneuvering, improving quick reaction ability, undertaking reconnaissance, vigilance and transportation tasks, and also quickly entered the battlefield "magic change" era with various weapons. British-designed BSA military bicycle has a rifle support clip installed at the seat strut for fixing guns; Italians who dare to "try early" put Maxim’s heavy machine guns on tandem two-seater bicycles; Germany also installed anti-tank weapons and light mortars on TR-FA bicycles. These "machine-gun chariots" react quickly, and the bomb load is not small in the case of multi-vehicle cooperation. They are strange weapons with both offensive and defensive functions on the battlefield.

Compared with bicycles, motorcycles are also a good platform for carrying weapons. During World War II, the Germans equipped heavy-duty sidecar motorcycles with machine guns, carrying several boxes of machine gun bullets and sometimes a light mortar. During the Battle of Berlin in 1945, the Germans used armed bicycles and motorcycles to infiltrate and sneak attack Soviet armored forces and destroyed a number of Soviet tanks.

Another one written in the history of weapons is the German Sdkfz.2 semi-crawler motorcycle. The first half of this motorcycle is no different from ordinary motorcycles, but the second half uses staggered load wheels and crawler-type walking devices, so it is called "Centaur". In 1941, this type of motorcycle was officially put into operation on the eastern front by the German army in the Barbarosa operation, showing its strong passing ability on the muddy road conditions on the battlefield. In fact, whether it is transporting ammunition, pulling artillery, or pulling a few heavily armed soldiers to support the front line, its battlefield performance is remarkable, and the German Air Force even uses it to tow aircraft, which is called the "all-purpose oil" equipment of the Germans on the battlefield.

Will motorcycle.

German semi-crawler motorcycle.

Get through the "last mile" of the battlefield-

The wheels are rolling and the stage is vast.

With the smoke of World War II dispersed, mechanization and informatization have become the main theme of military development in various countries, and a large number of mechanized equipment have been installed one after another. As "veterans" in the military, bicycles and motorcycles seem to be slowly retiring. In fact, as a portable vehicle that can get through the "last mile" of the battlefield, cycling vehicles still have a broad stage in the modern battlefield.

Rapid force delivery should not be underestimated. As the most "bicycle-loving" army, the Swiss bicycle force was not abolished until the beginning of this century. When you open the map, you can find that Switzerland, which has many mountains and lakes, is a "paradise" for cycling troops. They can cross most mountain roads without fuel and fight in various complex terrain conditions. For this reason, even though the special bicycle troops were cancelled, Switzerland still has not given up military bicycles. Besides exercising physical fitness and adapting to the unique mountain environment, it is also specially used for special forces. Compared with bicycles, armies all over the world still keep a certain number of military motorcycles. Germany’s latest "BMW" F850 GS military motorcycle is a cross-country motorcycle specially used for fast maneuvering.

Folding portability is favored by officers and men. In addition to constantly improving the attack capability, folding and portability has also become the direction of bicycle and motorcycle modification. During World War II, British and German airborne troops were equipped with folding paratroopers’ bicycles. Britain has specially designed Will folding motorcycles for British special operations forces and airborne troops. After the motorcycle is folded and airdropped by a special umbrella bag, it can be unfolded and set off within 10 seconds. In the 1980s, multifunctional mountain bikes and foldable paratroopers developed by the US Department of Defense entered the US military service. The "Paratrooper" folding bicycle weighs 14 kilograms, can carry 150 kilograms, and the length and width of the body are not more than 90 centimeters. The bicycle can be folded or unfolded within 30 seconds. Because it is light and small, the "paratrooper" folding bicycle can be tied to the outside of tanks and armored vehicles, or hung on the paratroopers’ chest to skydive together, giving paratroopers flexible and fast mobility.

Electric silent or become the trend of the times. The electric car has good mute performance, and the sound it makes is even smaller than the voice of people. It can be used for special forces to quickly pass through rugged terrain and launch battlefield raids quietly. The "EZ Rider" electric vehicle being tested by the US Special Forces and the Israel Defense Forces can haul 250 kilograms of materials and travel nearly 40 kilometers on a single charge, which is suitable for special forces. The "Golan" electric off-road vehicle developed by Russia has a top speed of 110 kilometers per hour and a cruising range of 370 kilometers with additional batteries. Russia also specially installed AK-74 rifles, RPG rocket launchers and Grenade launchers for the "Golan" electric off-road vehicle, in order to play an important role in future special forces’ ambush and reconnaissance operations.

Layout design: Xie An

E-mail for this edition: jfjbbqdg@163.com