Original SME SME technology story

Chemical plant explosions have occurred frequently at home and abroad, which is frightening.

One to two, people have a fear of dangerous chemicals.

But life is always inseparable from chemistry, and even the fertilizer used in the cultivation of essential grain may be explosive and dangerous goods. Ammonium nitrate is a commonly used agricultural fertilizer, but it is also the "culprit" that caused the worst industrial disaster in American history.

Smoke billowing from the explosion in the worst industrial disaster in American history.

This chemical with the word "nitrate" as the head is always disturbing.

Perhaps it is because they are often known together with explosions. For example, trinitrotoluene, the main component of TNT explosives, is made by nitration of toluene.

The great power of TNT has long been recognized. A Grenade thrown on the battlefield killed and injured a large area only contains 50 grams of TNT, and 14 kilograms of TNT can destroy a football field.

As early as the mid-19th century, Swedish engineers applied for a patent to support mixed explosives with ammonium nitrate and other combustion improvers.

Ammonium nitrate has since become a widely used raw material for industrial explosives.

A quarter pound TNT Grenade

Although ammonium nitrate can be used as an explosive, pure ammonium nitrate without combustion improver is actually the most difficult nitric explosive to detonate.

It does not burn by itself at room temperature, and ammonium nitrate is extremely insensitive to impact.

The experimental study shows that the 50kg hammer falls on solid ammonium nitrate from a height of 50cm, and its explosion probability is 0;

Compared with the famous explosive nitroglycerin, a 200g hammer can be detonated 100% when it falls from a height of 20cm.

At the same time, ammonium nitrate has a high nitrogen concentration and stable performance, so people often use it as a nitrogen-containing fertilizer.

Nitrogen fertilizer is mainly helpful to improve the yield and quality of crops.

As everyone knows, ammonium nitrate fertilizer, which made people relax their vigilance, triggered a sudden compound disaster of land, sea and air.

Ammonium nitrate fertilizer

After World War II, although the United States won the war, most areas fell into the post-war economic depression.

However, the southern city of Texas is a different story.

This coastal city is busy day and night, with chemical plants and oil refineries running nonstop, and there are endless cargo ships in the port.

At that time, Texas was praised as a "port of opportunity" by major American media and newspapers, and it was the core of industrial development in the South.

This prosperity made the whole country envy, but soon, the prosperous industrial development also brewed a small Mars that destroyed everything.

By 1947, about 2,500 ships visited the ports in Texas every year, and even Monsanto opened a chemical plant in the town.

On April 16th, the wharf began to operate before dawn as usual, but it was a special day recorded in American industrial history.

There is a cargo ship, the Grand Camp, moored beside the port. This French cargo ship has been staying for five days.

The ship is loaded with some oilfield equipment, drill pipes, hemp ropes and weapons and ammunition shipped from Belgium.

And its main "passenger" is actually 2300 tons of ammonium nitrate fertilizer.

At 8 o’clock in the morning, the crew was carrying the few remaining bags of ammonium nitrate into the cabin, when a smell of smoke caught their attention.

They looked intently and saw that the smoke seemed to be coming from the No.4 cabin where fertilizer was piled up.

Perhaps some ignorant crew member or docker ignored the no-smoking sign and smoked on the ship, which caused the fire.

The fire quickly spread to the deck and hull surface, and the smoke became bigger and bigger.

The crew quickly picked up fire extinguishers and fire pipes to put out the fire, and more than 20 firefighters arrived in time.

Seeing that the fire did not decrease, it became more and more intense, and the crew came up with another fire extinguishing method.

Rescuers stopped using water to put out the fire, but sealed the warehouse with slats and covered it with tarpaulins;

Then the high-temperature steam is introduced into the cabin, and it is intended to squeeze out the oxygen in the cabin in this form.

In this way, without one of the three elements of combustion, combustion can not continue.

This method was a common fire fighting method for cargo ships at that time, and the captain also mixed selfishness in it-reducing the loss caused by the wet goods.

* Note: Material combustion requires three elements: combustion improver, combustible and temperature reaching the ignition point. Among them, oxygen is the most common combustion promoter.

People never expected that this method was really good, but it was equivalent to adding fuel to the fire for the cargo ship transporting ammonium nitrate.

More terrible than the fire of ammonium nitrate is the explosion.

Although ammonium nitrate is resistant to impact, it is very fragile in the face of high temperature.

When the temperature reaches about 165℃ or comes into contact with an open flame, solid ammonium nitrate will rapidly decompose to produce nitrous oxide and water vapor.

Nitrous oxide will also be converted into oxygen at high temperature, and the gas that rescuers tried their best to remove reappeared.

At this time, the reaction brewing in the air is not just as simple as burning.

The high temperature and high pressure environment created by firefighters made the warehouse a closed container to accelerate the explosion reaction.

People didn’t know anything about it at that time, only to find that even with powerful rescue forces, the fire was still too big to control.

At 8: 30, the captain ordered to abandon the Grand Camp and bear the loss of all the goods.

However, he was only distressed to lose a ship and cargo, but he didn’t expect the fire to turn into a bigger disaster.

At 9: 12, a loud bang from the port made almost the whole city tremble.

A fireball went straight into the sky and turned the sky red. Thick smoke soared to an altitude of 610 meters and spread everywhere. Part of the hull melted into pieces and jetted out of the dock.

Two planes accidentally flew over at this time and were directly destroyed and fell.

The explosion near the wharf caused the 160km water body in Fiona Fang to be choppy, which triggered a tsunami, and set off waves as high as 4.5m, hitting the land.

Even Houston, 40 kilometers north of Texas, felt a violent vibration, and the window glass of some houses was directly shattered.

This has become a major disaster facing the sea, land and air in all directions.

In the sudden explosion, none of the first firefighters who entered the rescue survived.

Nearby residents took refuge at home with trepidation, but they still could not escape the surging tsunami.

The fire that continues the explosion is still going on, which makes people afraid to get close.

The busy Texas dock is not a harbor of the Grand Camp, but dense cargo ships and chemical plants and refineries along the coast have become another hidden danger.

Just 15 hours after the explosion, people have not recovered from it, and the second explosion happened.

A large number of chemical plants and refineries are densely distributed.

On the coast 200 meters away from the Grand Camp, there is also a cargo ship named Success.

This cargo ship also contains nearly 1000 tons of ammonium nitrate and 180 tons of sulfur.

The explosion and fire extended to the USS Success, bringing a second thrilling explosion.

The explosion triggered a series of chain reactions, and nearby freighters and factories exploded one after another.

Successive disasters eventually killed 581 people and injured more than 3,500 people. At that time, more than a quarter of the population in Texas was killed or injured in the disaster.

Thousands of residential buildings and commercial buildings were destroyed by the tsunami, and 1,100 docks were damaged.

At that time, the prosperous capital and industrial city of Texas lost about $100 million (equivalent to more than $1 billion now).

This is the worst disaster in American industrial history, and the reasons behind it are complicated and strange.

First of all, there was a small fire in the cabin for reasons that have not been clear so far.

Then rescuers used self-defeating fire fighting methods, which eventually aggravated the explosion.

At the same time, the government regulatory agencies themselves have many loopholes.

In the era of post-war economic recovery, the industrial process has become the most important thing beyond laws and policies, and managers can only ignore the interests.

After the accident, a large-scale funeral was held for the unidentified victims.

At that time, there were about 6,000 fertilizer chemical plants in the United States, but most of them did not report the storage of ammonium nitrate in the Department of Homeland Security, although the inventory was as high as 1,300 times that of the mandatory review.

It is conceivable that the industrial intensive Texas was equivalent to hiding countless stealth bombs at that time, just waiting for an opportunity to detonate.

Once detonated, it will lead to irreparable loss of life and property.

Only in this way can the federal government face up to the audit and supervision of chemical plants and dangerous chemicals.

The government has drawn up new standards and improved the management and transportation system of dangerous chemicals. Enterprises have also established an industrial mutual aid system, and agreed to join hands in the event of danger.

This appalling Texas explosion has become history, and the United States has entered a new era of strict industrial management.

Afterwards, major media rushed to report the accident.

But no matter what era the strict system is put in, there will always be people who exploit loopholes.

Dangerous chemicals such as ammonium nitrate are never kind to those who neglect them.

In 2013, also in Texas, another chemical fertilizer factory exploded.

However, this time, it was no longer because of people’s ignorance that the mistake was made, but the chemical fertilizer plant built a non-compliant ammonia storage tank privately.

Up to 24 tons of anhydrous ammonia accidentally triggered an explosion, killing 35 people.

Sadly, some people were killed innocently in the explosion of ammonium nitrate, and some people deliberately used ammonium nitrate as a weapon for terrorist attacks.

In 2011, a nightclub in Bali exploded. This is a vicious explosion in which 202 people were killed by terrorists using ammonium nitrate.

In 1995, terrorists used ammonium nitrate to make explosives to blow up the federal building.

Chemicals usually have both advantages and disadvantages for human beings.

Ammonium nitrate is a common industrial explosive, but it is also a good fertilizer.

Nitroglycerin, which can be used as an explosive, is also a good medicine for cardiovascular diseases …

People often suffer while using them to achieve certain interests.

However, the progress of human beings lies in that no matter how dangerous the substance is, it can be controlled by human beings and finally serve human beings.

Ammonium nitrate. Wikipedia, June 26, 2019.

MarcLallanilla, LiveScience. What Causes Fertilizer Explosions? ScientificAmerican, 2013.04.18.

1947 TexasCity Disaster. Moore Memorial Publiclibrary.

MichaelBaumann. How a Fertilizer Accident Led to the Deadliest Industrial Disaster inAmerican History. The Ringer, 2017.08.24.

SteveOlafson. The Explosion: 50 Years Later, Texas City still Remembers/’Texas Cityjust blew up’/A powerful chemical explosion 50 years ago propelled a small porttown into an unwelcome national and world spotlight. Chron, 1997.04.13.

Original title: "How terrible is the explosion of ammonium nitrate? A cargo ship full of fertilizer blew up thousands of buildings.

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　　A "flow chart for withdrawing files" has plunged Peking University and Henan Admissions Offices into a whirlpool of public opinion.

　　On the morning of August 15th, the Admissions Office of Henan Province issued a statement saying that it was found that the recruitment staff of a county in Henan Province was negligent, and the information of the candidates’ withdrawal process was taken by others without authorization and spread online. According to the statement, the "flow chart of withdrawing files", which should have been kept confidential during the enrollment process, "unintentionally leaked" due to the negligence of the enrollment staff. At present, the Henan Provincial Admissions Office has interviewed and sent a letter to the relevant departments of the county, requesting further investigation and verification of the situation and handling it according to the rules and regulations.

　　Xiong Bingqi, an educational scholar and vice president of 21st Century Education Research Institute, told The Paper that the "flow chart for withdrawing files" belongs to the internal flow information of enrollment work and should be kept confidential and will not be made public. However, the relevant departments should keep the process information for future reference when enrolling students. In the face of enrollment disputes, it can be viewed by the supervision department or the higher authorities to determine whether the enrollment work is illegal.

　　What punishment should the staff bear for the disclosure of confidential workflow information due to negligence?

　　Xiong Bingqi believes that the staff member may be subject to administrative sanctions. He said that under the current enrollment system, every link of information should be open and transparent, and candidates can question the results of enrollment and ask the enrollment department to know whether the education and examination departments and schools violate the rules according to the public information, so as to safeguard their rights.

　　The Paper found that Article 10 of the Interim Measures for Handling Violations of Enrollment in Ordinary Colleges and Universities published by the Ministry of Education in 2014 stipulates that the enrollment staff may "disclose unpublished candidates’ scores, candidates’ volunteers, admission scores, etc., which may affect the admission of fair information, or disclose or resell candidates’ personal information". The unit to which they belong shall immediately order them to suspend their enrollment work, and the relevant departments shall give corresponding punishment or other treatment according to the seriousness of the case; Anyone suspected of committing a crime shall be transferred to judicial organs for handling according to law.

　　In addition, the data show that the Ministry of Education has previously regulated the possible enrollment violations in colleges and universities by issuing regulations and implementing interim measures.

　　The Ministry of Education pointed out in the "Regulations on Enrollment of Ordinary Colleges and Universities in 2019" issued in March this year that, except for the information that should be publicly disclosed to the public according to regulations, any unit or individual may not provide it to others or disclose it to the public without authorization, and illegal dissemination and sale are strictly prohibited.

　　At the same time, this regulation explains the penalties for violations of laws and regulations in all aspects of college entrance examination registration, examination and admission. Candidates, examination staff and other social personnel who violate the rules in the enrollment, examination, admission and other aspects of college enrollment will be dealt with severely in strict accordance with the procedures and regulations determined by the provisions (measures) of the Criminal Law and the Education Law, and the parties and related personnel will be held accountable according to the law; Anyone suspected of committing a crime shall be promptly transferred to judicial organs for legal responsibility. Those who violate the rules and regulations of public officials will be dealt with seriously in accordance with relevant regulations.

　　In May of this year, the Henan Provincial Department of Education simultaneously issued the relevant regulations on the enrollment of ordinary colleges and universities in 2019.

　　Previously, the Peking University Admissions Committee issued a statement saying that in view of the fact that the "National Special Plan" admission work in Henan Province adopts the method of voluntary filing in order, the two candidates who have retired have reached the admission control scores of the same batch and met the admission conditions, and should be admitted; There are irregularities in the process of withdrawing files, and the reasons for withdrawing files in the admissions office are not established. The Admissions Committee decided to apply for the re-registration of two candidates who had dropped out of the file according to the procedure.

　　Among the 18 million new cancer cases and 9.6 million cancer deaths worldwide, China has 3.804 million new cases and 2.296 million deaths. This means that China accounts for 21 of every 100 new cancer patients in the world; China accounts for 23 out of every 100 cancer deaths in the world.

　　In the face of cancer, doctors are the hope of patients, and drugs are the weapons of doctors.

　　Recently, the first bevacizumab bio-similar drug in China was approved for marketing, which will improve the accessibility of this kind of drug and provide a new choice for the treatment of domestic patients. Some people call 2019 the outbreak year of biologically similar drugs. In November this year, the first adalimumab bio-similar drug in China was approved for listing; In February this year, the first domestic biological similar drug Rituximab was approved for listing & HELIP; … So, what kind of anticancer drugs do monoclonal antibodies belong to, and what are biologically similar drugs? Today, Xiaobian will take you to know.

　　Q: What are the common anticancer drugs?

　　A: Clinically, it is customary to divide anticancer drugs into cytotoxic anticancer drugs and non-cytotoxic anticancer drugs.

　　1. Cytotoxic anticancer drugs

　　Cytotoxic anticancer drugs are chemotherapy drugs that we often say, and their main functions are to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells and induce their apoptosis, thus eliminating cancer cells.

　　2. Non-cytotoxic anticancer drugs

　　Common non-cytotoxic anticancer drugs include hormone drugs, targeted drugs and immunotherapy drugs. In recent years, there has been a great breakthrough in the development of this kind of drugs. Next, we will focus on the common non-cytotoxic anticancer drugs.

　　Hormone drugs

　　Some hormone-dependent cancers, such as breast cancer, prostate cancer, thyroid cancer, cervical cancer, etc., are related to hormone imbalance. Therefore, the application of certain hormones or their antagonists can change the hormone balance, thus inhibiting the growth of dependent cancer cells, such as tamoxifen and exemestane, which are clinically used in breast cancer.

　　Targeted drugs

　　Targeted drugs can act on the unique signal pathway of cancer cells, killing cancer cells, but little or no damage to normal cells.

　　In the treatment of cancer, it should be said that targeted drug therapy is a precise treatment based on accurate diagnosis. By accurately finding the target of disease treatment and accurately monitoring the disease state and treatment process, we can finally achieve precise treatment for different patients and diseases in different States, and achieve the purpose of improving the treatment effect of diseases. Bevacizumab mentioned at the beginning is one of the targeted drugs.

　　Immunotherapy drugs

　　Immune cell therapy technology is to achieve therapeutic effect by regulating the precise immune response of human immune T cells to cancer cells. For example, the monoclonal antibody drug PD-1/PD-L1, an immune detection point, can specifically bind to PD-L1 on cancer cells to inhibit its expression, so that the inhibited T cells can recover their recognition function to cancer cells and achieve the anti-cancer effect.

　　In addition, some traditional Chinese medicines can also directly or indirectly damage cancer cells by regulating the immune function of the body, so as to prolong the survival time of patients and improve the quality of life.

　　Q: What are biologically similar drugs?

　　A: Biomimetic drugs refer to therapeutic biological products that are similar to the original drug (reference drug) that has been approved for registration in terms of quality, safety and effectiveness.

　　Q: What’s the difference between similar drugs and generic drugs?

　　A: Biomimetic drugs, also known as biosimilars, are biological drugs (including vaccines, blood and blood components, somatic cells, gene therapy, tissues, recombinant therapeutic proteins, etc.) similar to the approved original drugs. In principle, the amino acid sequence of candidate drugs for biological analogues should be the same as that of the original drug (reference drug).

　　Q: How to use anticancer drugs rationally?

　　A: Pay attention to the following three points when using anticancer drugs well:

　　1. Diagnose before taking medicine.

　　All clinical patients who use anticancer drugs must be confirmed by histopathology before using them. If targeted drugs are used for treatment, genetic testing must be carried out in advance.

　　2. Use drugs under the guidance of professional doctors and pharmacists.

　　For cancer patients with definite diagnosis, if it is standardized treatment, doctors and pharmacists need to choose appropriate drugs, definite usage and reasonable period for treatment according to the recommendations of the guidelines; If it is experimental treatment, doctors and pharmacists need to follow the relevant provisions of medical ethics, formulate a perfect clinical research plan for patients, and choose the corresponding drugs for treatment.

　　3. Pay attention to drug-related adverse reactionsshould do

　　During the use of anticancer drugs, patients should closely monitor their physical condition and report adverse reactions to doctors and doctors in time, which is very important for completing the treatment course and improving the quality of life.

　　Q: What do you think about the side effects of taking anticancer drugs?

　　A: In recent years, anticancer drugs have emerged in an endless stream, and their curative effects have been greatly improved. However, the selectivity of many anticancer drugs is still not high. While killing cancer cells, it will inevitably cause damage to normal cells, which is also the main reason that hinders their efficacy.

　　The most common side effects of anticancer drugs include: myelosuppression such as neutropenia, anemia and bleeding; Nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea and other digestive system toxic manifestations; Hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity occurred.

　　Q: What should we think about the side effects of taking anticancer drugs?

　　A: If there are no suitable targeted drugs for some cancer cells, or because of certain conditions, patients must choose chemotherapy schemes with greater toxic and side effects. Under the above circumstances, doctors need to predict the side effects of anticancer drugs as soon as possible and deal with them effectively, so as to choose the best treatment scheme for patients.

　　Compared with traditional chemotherapy schemes, targeted therapy and immunotherapy have fewer toxic and side effects, and are new choices for patients.

　　With the development of precision medicine, we have reason to believe that the side effects of anticancer drugs will become smaller and smaller, and the effective rate of disease treatment and the survival time of patients will be greatly prolonged. (Content Synthesis: National Medical Products Administration official website Information Release)

Author: Xiangya Medical College of Central South University-Wang Xuemei

The development process of red blood cell system in bone marrow is pluripotent stem cells → pluripotent stem cells → primitive red blood cells → early erythrocytes → middle erythrocytes → late erythrocytes → reticulocytes → mature erythrocytes. Today we are going to talk about reticulocytes.

reticulocyte

Reticulocyte is a transitional cell from enucleated late erythrocytes to mature erythrocytes. It is named reticulocyte because of the remaining basophilic substances such as ribosomes and ribonucleic acid in its cytoplasm. After living staining with Brilliant Tar Blue or Neomethylene Blue, blue or blue-green reticular structure can be seen in its cytoplasm. This kind of cell belongs to immature red blood cells, which remain in the bone marrow for a certain period of time before being released into the blood stream. Therefore, the number of reticulocytes in bone marrow is not only higher than that in peripheral blood, but also naive, which is a sensitive index to judge the inhibition and recovery of hematopoietic function in bone marrow.

Clinical significance of reticulocyte parameters

Differential diagnosis of anemia

The combination of absolute reticulocyte count (RET﹟) and immature reticulocyte index (IFR) is helpful to judge the type of anemia.

Table 1. Differential diagnosis of anemia by RET combined with IRF [1-3]

Notes:

(1) The results only explain the experimental research samples;

(2) Immature reticulocyte index (IFR) is defined as the ratio of immature or immature reticulocytes to total reticulocytes. The closer to maturity, the lower the fluorescence intensity of reticulocytes, and the larger the volume of immature reticulocytes. According to their light scattering characteristics, they are mainly high and medium fluorescence reticulocytes with high fluorescence intensity and high residual RNA content.

Monitoring of radiotherapy and chemotherapy

The dynamic observation of reticulocyte can guide the clinical adjustment of treatment plan in time and avoid serious bone marrow suppression. In the process of cancer chemotherapy, 1RF is a very sensitive index to reflect bone marrow suppression and recovery. In the stage of complete bone marrow suppression, IRF can be reduced to zero. After receiving radiotherapy and chemotherapy, if bone marrow suppression occurs, the IFR will first decrease and then the reticulocyte value will decrease. If the bone marrow begins to recover after stopping radiotherapy and chemotherapy, IFR will also increase first, and then the reticulocyte value will increase. Immature reticulocyte (IRF) is an important sensitive index to evaluate the curative effect of anemia drugs, especially in chronic renal failure or acquired immunodeficiency disease.

Monitoring of bone marrow transplantation

The increase of peripheral blood granulocyte count is the basis for early monitoring after transplantation, but the absolute value of granulocyte may be affected by simultaneous infection and transplant rejection. In addition, preventive platelet transfusion will also affect the monitoring of platelet manufacturing ability in the early stage of transplantation. Therefore, both are not ideal. Reticulocyte parameter is an independent parameter to detect hematopoietic recovery of bone marrow, which is usually not related to transplantation complications.

Ret-he (reticulocyte hemoglobin)

It is used to diagnose iron metabolism disorder anemia and detect the state of iron storage in the body. This parameter is of great value for the diagnosis and treatment of anemia caused by functional iron deficiency, and can monitor the effect of EPO and iron treatment. Ret-He is decreased in functional iron deficiency caused by stored iron loss, which is a typical iron deficiency anemia and can be treated with iron agent (orally). When functional iron deficiency is accompanied by RET-He decline in iron-rich state, iron injection and EPO should be used for treatment.

references

Jia Lianling, Ou Hongling, Huan Wang, Zhao Haijiao, Li Meng, Wang Xinru. Diagnostic value of new reticulocyte parameters for anemia [J].

Xu Guizhu, Ronghua Qiu. Clinical significance of reticulocyte and red blood cell parameters in differential diagnosis of thalassemia and iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women [J].

Chen Min, Xiaowei Liu. Clinical value of reticulocyte parameters in diagnosis of anemia [J].

This article was originally written by the Voice of Inspection, please indicate the source.

Editor: Green is about to drip

Review: Chenchen

After announcing the layoffs, Tesla continued to "take the medicine", this time with FSD(Full-Self Driving).

According to overseas reports, Tesla officially adjusted the buyout price of FSD from $12,000 to $8,000, and the price reduction was converted into about RMB 27,400.In addition to lowering the buyout price of the package, Tesla simultaneously lowered the monthly subscription price of FSD in North 700 yuan (Canada and the United States), from the past $199 to $99, which is equivalent to saving RMB every month.

Tesla’s move is obviously an extension of Musk’s dissatisfaction with the FSD option rate. Just as China automakers are keen on price wars, Tesla also realizes that "price" is also the core factor that affects users’ acceptance of FSD in overseas markets. On the other hand, Musk mentioned that FSD "may enter the China market soon" when replying to the user’s message-the impact of this move can not be underestimated for improving the coverage of FSD.

At present, Tesla has sold more than 5.5 million vehicles in history, and nearly 2 million vehicles have been sold in North America alone. However, the coverage of FSD is not ideal. The data in January 2023 showed that the number of subscribers in North America was 400,000, and the penetration rate was close to 25%.

The problem is that a considerable part of this is the first "hardcore powder" that supports Tesla, probably because the pricing is too high. The data shows that the probability of new car buyers choosing FSD will be reduced to 2% in 2023. Obviously, this is the reason why Musk is worried.

Therefore, in order to expand the coverage of FSD, it is imperative to reduce prices and open up new markets. However, it is hard to say whether entering the China market can expand the mass base of FSD. On the other hand, the strategy of attracting consumers to buy Tesla trams through intelligent driving may not work in the China market.

From today’s point of view, Tesla’s main sales models, such as Model 3/Y/X/S, don’t seem to have many advantages. Nowadays, pure electric vehicles have been running everywhere, and most of the places where Tesla trams were leading in the past are no longer leading. If it weren’t for the accumulated user reputation and brand awareness, Tesla’s global sales may be even less optimistic.

In other words, Tesla’s achievements in the past are largely due to "extraordinary technology", and among many new technologies, FSD is undoubtedly the most subversive. To put it simply, the leading edge of FSD is embodied in "underlying technology" and "comprehensive experience".

"The underlying technology" means that Tesla FSD can almost be regarded as the technical vane of global intelligent driving. Now most of the intelligent driving technologies we know are started by FSD.

For example, the combination of "BEV+Transformer+OCC", which is considered as the core of the new generation of intelligent driving technology, was almost all started by Tesla, and the technical base of BEV+Transformer was unveiled at Tesla AI Day in 2021, which solved the problem of "how to realize environmental awareness without relying on high-precision maps" in the industry. At present, almost all car companies’ intelligent driving technology is based on this scheme, and as the originator and staunch supporter of the "pure visual intelligent driving" technical scheme, Tesla’s related research also points out the direction for the industry.

In 2023, Tesla launched the V12 Beta version of FSD, which brought the long-rumored "end-to-end" technology. According to Musk, FSD with "end-to-end" technology uses AI big model to deal with all intermediate links in the process of intelligent driving from perception to execution, which greatly improves the reliability of the system and saves "millions of lines of code", making the industry a big surprise.

Then, the intelligent driving head enterprises including Tucki announced to follow up the "end-to-end" technical scheme, and institutions including Guangzhou Automobile Research Institute also began to explore the true value of end-to-end technology for intelligent driving ability, which quite stirred up a thousand waves.

On the level of "comprehensive experience", FSD can provide full-scene pilot-assisted driving and high-order automatic parking experience just like the domestic intelligent driving scheme in the case of "complete body". Musk also used FSD live on "X" (Twitter), even before looking for Zuckerberg’s offline shelf, he drove FSD in the past, and took over at 0 in the whole process.

It can be seen that FSD is the best intelligent driving system in theory from both technical and experience levels, and it is also the benchmark of all intelligent driving systems from a global perspective.In that era of "I have no one", I believe that the technological advantages including FSD are the main reason why consumers are willing to be "mice" to try Tesla.

Therefore, the price reduction this time and the intention to enter the China market all reflect Tesla’s refocusing on FSD, that is, the core technology. In contrast, the price adjustment is irrelevant. Only in the China market, we have our own "far ahead" intelligent driving technology, and the true level of Tesla FSD is unknown. Moreover, the big price reduction of Tesla FSD in China market has not been synchronized, and the price of 60,000 yuan is believed to be difficult to attract new users.

In terms of absolute technical height, Tesla FSD can still keep ahead with Dojo supercomputing system and "end-to-end" technology, but it needs to be emphasized that smart driving is a technology that needs to be strongly combined with local actual scenes, that is to say, even if FSD performs well in the United States, it is impossible to translate it to China market.

Take Huawei ADS 2.0, the first echelon in China, and XNGP in Tucki for example, they have been able to achieve pilot-assisted driving in mixed scenes covering the whole country, and have been optimized in characteristic scenes. For example, both of the above are optimized for unexpected situations such as pedestrian crossing and ghost probes. At the same time, Huawei ADS 2.0 also emphasizes the AEB active safety capability in different speed domains, and the detection range has also expanded from the front to four directions, which can better prevent pedestrians or non-motor vehicles that don’t know where to come from.

Therefore, if Tesla’s FSD really wants to enter China, it must also consider directional optimization for the road conditions in the middle, otherwise it will come to a crossroads full of two-wheeled electric vehicles, and even the smart FSD may be down.From another point of view, even if the intelligent driving ability of local enterprises in China is not the best in the underlying technology, they can still optimize their functions by understanding the local road conditions, and finally even surpass FSD in actual experience.

There are also various factors that pose a competitive threat to FSD. Unlike consumers in overseas markets, there are almost only Tesla FSD to choose from, and there are many options for products that experience close to Tesla FSD in China market. In this way, even if Tesla FSD can really enter the China market as Musk said, it may not attract potential users to choose Tesla electric vehicles, not to mention that the optional price of the FSD is still high.

Tesla only comes standard with the basic version of AP(AutoPoilot) for its electric vehicles, and only has basic functions such as LCC, AEB and BSD. If you want to upgrade to an enhanced version of AP(EAP) that supports high-speed NOA, ALA and APA functions, you need to spend 32,000 yuan to choose. Although FSD is not yet open in China, consumers can "pre-order", of course, the cost is not low, and it needs 64,000 yuan.

Assuming that the price of FSD will be adjusted in line with that of North China after the formal opening of the market, and it will be reduced by one third, then the optional price of FSD will still need 42,000 yuan, which is still on the high side compared with the optional price of high-end intelligent driving in China market. For example, the optional price of Huawei ADS 2.0 on individual models is 15,000 yuan, and the optional price of BYD Tengshi N7 is also 15,000 yuan. At the same time, when buying a new car, there are often optional discounts, ranging from 5,000 yuan to more direct relief.

Since the experience can’t be absolutely leading, what reason do consumers have to spend a lot of money to choose Tesla FSD?

In addition, the domestic market has also seen a trend of popularization of smart driving and continuous cost reduction. A few days ago, DJI Chenghang Platform launched a solution that claimed that it could realize full-scene intelligent driving at a cost of 7,000 yuan. On April 22nd, Baidu Apollo team also released a low-cost intelligent driving solution ANP3 Pro. Although the cost is not as low as that of DJI Chenghang, it is still attractive for most car companies to realize full-scene intelligent driving at a cost of 10,000 yuan.

All indications are that the popularity of smart driving in the China market is very fast, and the mystery has long faded. The involution of the China market is far beyond Tesla’s imagination. If FSD enters the China market without change, I believe it will be difficult to make too much splash.

On the eve of the Beijing Auto Show, Tesla announced that it would continue to adjust the price in the China market. The starting price of the new version of Model 3 Huan dropped to 231,900 yuan, and the price of Model Y once again entered less than 250,000 yuan. However, the effect brought by the price reduction this time is not as ideal as expected. Sun Shaojun 09, a car blogger who knows more about the sales channels, said that "the effect is relatively average". If the price reduction can’t stimulate the growth of orders, Tesla will really fall into crisis.

The respect for the "first principle" runs through Musk’s entire career. Now, analyzing the problems that Tesla has in the products, we might as well return to the "first principle".

Why did Tesla sweep the world and become the representative of pure electric vehicles? I think it is mainly in two aspects.

First of all, Tesla showed the world that pure electric vehicles are "far ahead" in the basic experience.For example, "horsepower equality" and some intelligent functions can not be provided by fuel vehicles in the past, or they need to be experienced at a very high price. Therefore, for electric vehicles, the higher the motor power, the better, and the higher and stronger the voltage platform. Only when the basic experience can make consumers feel "far ahead" will they be willing to buy electric vehicles.

Unfortunately, Model 3 was a product eight years ago, and Model Y has been sold for five years. Its performance indicators have become unremarkable in the global market. Except BMS system is still leading, both battery life performance and charging performance are surpassed by competitors.

Secondly, the leading experience brought by FSD has obviously changed consumers’ imagination of "cars".They never imagined that the car could really control its own speed, change lanes independently, avoid pedestrians and avoid risks, and finally send people to their destination … The leading technology is Tesla’s core competitiveness from beginning to end.

A thousand words can be summed up in one sentence. When Tesla is no longer determined to forge ahead and pursue the ultimate technological advantage, then the decline in sales will become inevitable. As the backbone of Tesla and even the "soul figure", the biggest problem may still lie in Musk:If it can put enough energy back into Tesla and technical research, make up its mind to reform the internal unreasonable system and truly return to the thinking of "first principle", I believe Tesla’s recovery will come very quickly.

For example, the adjustment of FSD price this time comes from Musk’s insight and direct inspiration on business issues, but no one knows whether the drama of "the emperor is wise" will still appear and whether it will remain correct and effective all the time.

Beijing international automotive exhibition (Beijing Auto Show) will be held grandly from April 25th to May 4th. The theme of this auto show is "New era, new car", which is the weather vane of "cars moving from electrification to intelligence".

By then, head brands including BYD, Xiaomi, AITO Wenjie, Tucki, Weilai, Ideality, Extreme Krypton, Extreme Yue and Chang ‘an Deep Blue will all appear. In addition to the "big competition" of new models, the promotion of autonomous driving technology, the evolution of intelligent cockpit and the combination of AI model and automobile will all be important highlights. The account Tramway, which is owned by Lei Technology and is "concerned about electric vehicles and more intelligent", will send a report group to Beijing for first-line professional reports, so please pay attention.

1905 movie network news Editor’s Note: The premiere of "Revisiting Classics" Channel — — The 87 th edition not only received enthusiastic response when it was broadcast, but also became a classic in the minds of several generations after years of precipitation. The actor of "Jia Baoyu" in the play, from the insecure candidate, to the mature actor and then to the behind-the-scenes director, has also taken the initiative to shoulder a public welfare identity in recent years — — Cultural communicator of A Dream of Red Mansions.

Recently, the China Television Arts Committee specially invited Ouyang Fenqiang, the director, to be interviewed, reviewing the birth of the classic character "Jia Baoyu" and talking about the anecdotes behind the scenes.

Q: When did you first get involved in acting?

A: I started filming when I was 12 years old. At that time, there was a literary propaganda team and a story team in the Children’s Palace, and I told stories in the story team. When the teacher took us on a lecture tour to various schools, I was seen by the literary director in sctv, so I was invited to tell a story at the TV station, and then I was seen by the director of Emei Film Studio, so I went to the film studio to make a film in 1976. The first film I made was Spring Tide, which was based on a novel by Sichuan writer Ke Fei. I played the son of a widow, and this was my first time in film and television.

At the beginning of 1977, Chengdu Sichuan Opera Troupe rehearsed Yang Kaihui’s Sichuan Opera "Die Lian Hua" and needed an actor to play Mao Anying. The troupe didn’t have a child of twelve or thirteen years old, so others recommended that there was a child in a certain school. He used to tell stories well, but later he went to make a movie. Let’s call him and have a try. At that time, seven or eight children were called to audition. Of course, there was no suspense later. I won’t have to go to school. I will attend rehearsals during the day and perform at night. At that time, the teachers of the troupe liked me better, so as a special talent, I was directly recruited to the Sichuan Troupe as a professional actor. When I arrived at Sichuan Opera Troupe, the film studio came to me whenever there was a role of a child. The Sichuan Opera Troupe said that you might as well transfer him directly to the film studio, so I transferred to the film studio to be a full-time film actor when I was about 16 years old, but at that time I was a walk-on and played some small roles. Later, sctv filmed the first TV series "Yang Xiaoliang" and asked me to play Yang Xiaoliang, a young man who was unemployed. Then I met A Dream of Red Mansions.

Q: How did you get the role of Jia Baoyu?

A: When the crew of A Dream of Red Mansions was doing the first class in Yuanmingyuan, they had not yet chosen an actor to play Jia Baoyu.

The director was determined to find a boy to play Jia Baoyu. The audience of Jia Baoyu accepts girls to play, which is a convention from the aesthetic point of view. However, director Wang Fulin thinks that if you get a girl to play, no matter how good you look, there are still traces of acting, so I hope it will still be played by boys, at least his version of A Dream of Red Mansions is played by boys. But the image of Jia Baoyu is really special. He is a boy, he is a lovely boy, and he is a lovely boy with a face full of powder, so it is not easy to find. Mr. Wu Zuguang, the consultant of the crew, said that if you are looking for a boy to play Jia Baoyu in China, this Jia Baoyu has not yet been born. However, director Wang Fulin insisted on his own creative ideas, so Jia Baoyu was not in the first class, and he was still looking everywhere in the country.

Many people recommended me to go. Zhang Yuping and Gao Hongliang, whom I worked with in the first class, were all recommended to the director and deputy director. Wang Dao didn’t take it to heart at first, because children recommended children, which was not very convincing. At this time, Wang Dao will go to Emei Mountain to find the stone under the green ridge peak, just to Chengdu. Accompanying him to Chengdu, she was already booked to play Wang Xifeng. She is from Sichuan Theatre, so she found out the address and came to our house to find me. But when I was away, she left me a note saying that Wang Fulin, the director of the TV series Dream of Red Mansions, wanted to see you, and asked me to meet Wang Fulin in Room 305 of Jinjiang Hotel at 10: 00 the next morning. It happened that I had to go out with the film crew the next day, so I didn’t have time. And I thought, how could this opportunity fall on my head? I didn’t even plan to go. Later, my dad told me, go there, maybe this is an opportunity. I listened to my dad and rode a broken bike to Jinjiang Hotel after 10 pm. Wang Dao hasn’t rested yet. When he heard it was me, he said he had an appointment for tomorrow morning. I said I’m going to shoot tomorrow. Then I chatted with him. He asked me if I had played any plays, and I said what I had played. At that time, Yang Xiaoliang was broadcast on CCTV.

Then he said that we have selected more than 20 Jia Baoyu from all over the country, and we want to try the lens in Beijing. Can you come too? I said I didn’t have time to come. Because I thought to myself, it can’t be me. Don’t bother. Besides, I don’t have time to go while filming on the set. Later, Wang Dao said, well, you come by plane. Because in those days, flying was important, and the average actor couldn’t fly. As soon as I heard that someone invited me to fly, I managed to eat and drink, and I had never been to Beijing, so I decided to go and play. I came to Beijing with this mentality. I also prepared a passage the night before the audition. I recited the words of Baodai Reading the West Chamber about twice. When we arrived at the scene that day, 25 people each went up to perform. After the test, I had to rush back to Chengdu. The crew said there was no air ticket. At that time, there was only one flight a day, so it was difficult to buy air tickets. I said I couldn’t. I had to go back to filming. Two hours later, the crew said you should go, and we settled a first-class ticket for you. I was even more shocked. At that time, bureau-level cadres were eligible to fly first class. How could they be so friendly to me? Is it still interesting to me? I took this question and went home to film.

The crew sent a letter of business transfer soon, without informing me. It was public to public. At that time, we were filming in the mountains, and the telephone was disconnected, which was not as developed as communication now. So at that time, people all over the country knew that I was going to play Baoyu, but I didn’t know. CCTV has already spread the story about who was decided by Jia Baoyu in A Dream of Red Mansions, and all the four official media at that time published the news and all my photos, but I don’t know in the mountains. Not long after I returned to Chengdu and entered the house, there was a loud knock on the door, and I opened it and saw that seven or eight reporters had stuck in our house to interview me, saying that you were playing Jia Baoyu. I said I just tried the lens, don’t talk nonsense. They said it was all in the newspaper. The next day, I rode my bike back to the Eying Actors Troupe and asked our head. I said, what happened to the head? Why did the reporter come to interview me? What did he say? The regiment said, it’s really settled. You should hurry to Beijing.

That’s how I got to Beijing. At this time, the second class was already halfway through.

Q: Is the process of integrating into the role smooth?

A: Because I joined late, I didn’t take part in the lectures, piano, chess, calligraphy and painting given by the experts in the first class, so I was under great pressure. They are all very familiar with each other, so I am so nervous that I can’t let go. At that time, everyone’s role was decided. In the study class, everyone mainly prepared clips and sketches according to their own roles, and reported them to the director group and those mature teachers every once in a while. The teachers would also advise you on how to perform. There is also reading books by yourself and reading the original Dream of Red Mansions. How could I understand A Dream of Red Mansions at that time? It was a gobbledygook. So the pressure is very high.

Director Wang Fulin said one day, you are old-fashioned with a hand on your back every day, which is like a perverse and lovely Jia Baoyu? You look like a Taoist Xu that Jia Zheng likes. He said this was not the way to do it, so later he had a meeting with the whole cast, especially the cast, and announced at the meeting that I would not be allowed to read novels or write any desk work. Because of the great psychological pressure, you can’t enter the state and relax. How to relax? Your task is to play pranks every day, and to fool a person every day. You can fool whoever you want, but just don’t read books, and you can go to the girl’s bed and have a fight. In fact, he used this method to integrate you into a group and relax your whole body and mind. Therefore, I think director Wang Fulin is very methodical, very grounded to inspire actors to enter the role.

The next step was the shooting process. At that time, I was still under pressure, and I couldn’t wait for the director to replace me. The first scene I shot was that Qin Keqing was sick in bed, and Wang Xifeng took Baoyu to visit the sick. I was so nervous that I didn’t fall asleep all night. I guess I should quit my job after the scene was filmed. That’s the feeling. After the performance, I quickly paid attention to the director’s expression, saw the director smiling and nodding frequently, and then consulted everyone around. What about Baoyu? Everyone said yes, yes, good, good. From his expression, I felt that he was quite satisfied. His satisfaction really opened my heart, and the stone fell forever. So if you go further back, you can do whatever you want.

Q: Looking back on the cooperation with director Wang Fulin, what are your feelings?

A: The director said something harsh about me. When Baoyu told Daiyu the story of mouse essence in Xiaoxiang Pavilion, there were many lines, all of which were Jia Baoyu’s words. I didn’t prepare them carefully and didn’t memorize them. When shooting, I forgot the words when I thought about it, and I forgot the words when I thought about it. The performance was not vivid at all. Wang Dao was in a hurry, so he said a few harsh words and scolded me for not being prepared seriously. He said that in such an interesting scene, you are such an important role. If you want to ruin the scene, you will ruin it. Our efforts and painstaking efforts for several years will be in vain. You can’t act like this. The story of mouse essence should be very happy, naughty and perverse, and it is vivid. Now you are reciting an eight-part essay, not telling a story, so you criticize me. From then on, I never dared not recite words, including later becoming a director myself. I also told many actors that reciting lines is a basic artistic virtue. Whether your play is good or not, you have to memorize the words first to match the word actor.

Wang Dao cultivated virtually every character in the play. Today, people say "A Dream of Red Mansions" and these characters. In fact, how did we know "A Dream of Red Mansions" at that time? I think there is only one actor among us who really understands and loves A Dream of Red Mansions. Many of us didn’t understand A Dream of Red Mansions, but a blank sheet of paper was given to the director, who drew every character he wanted on it.

Looking back now, he was under great pressure. In the process of writing A Dream of Red Mansions, he faced the crisis of being almost replaced many times. At that time, there were very different views on him. I thought he couldn’t shoot it, saying that the TV series "Dream of Red Mansions" had been shot badly. You see, many amateur actors, shoe repairers in leather shoes factories, salespeople in department stores and telephone operators in people’s communes are used. Who are they? How can they shoot A Dream of Red Mansions well? A bunch of children don’t know how to shoot A Dream of Red Mansions? In fact, this voice has been accompanied by Wang Dao, and I don’t believe that Wang Dao can shoot successfully. Therefore, in the process of filming A Dream of Red Mansions, Wang Fulin always looked at him with countless pairs of questioning and suspicious eyes. He was working on A Dream of Red Mansions under such great pressure, so Hu Zehong, who played Cherish Spring at that time, gave him a nickname called Lonely Little Boy. He is lonely under this pressure, but his prime minister can punt in his stomach. I think he is very tolerant and a director with general style.

He is actually Wang Dadan. He dares to think what others dare not think and do what others dare not do. Who dare to use a group of children who have no acting experience and don’t understand A Dream of Red Mansions to play A Dream of Red Mansions? He dares. Who dares to play Jia Baoyu with boys? He dares. Wang Liping was under great pressure to make music at that time, because in everyone’s impression, Wang Liping composed music with pop music. How can classical masterpieces use pop music? He dares to shoot this board. Including makeup artists and dressers, many of them are the first time to do it, and he dares to use it. According to him, I would rather use someone who is dedicated than someone who is experienced but not dedicated. Of course, this play has also made these people. So I think Wang Dao is really a great TV director who should be recorded in the history of the development of China TV series.

Q: What were the shooting conditions of the crew at that time? How do you overcome and balance all kinds of difficulties?

A: There was no meat to eat at that time. We live in a guest house of a vegetable company opposite Nancaiyuan (now Grand View Garden), a big bungalow with a canteen. The meals of the crew are often all Chinese cabbage, vermicelli and tofu, and no meat is seen. When we were young, we wanted to eat meat. What should we do? I went to the mall to buy instant noodles and lunch meat in bulk, and processed them by myself in the electric stove at night. Without vegetables, Chinese cabbages in vegetable companies are frozen on the side of the road in winter. In the evening, I took several actors from the cast, such as Gao Hongliang and Ma Guangru who played Gary, to get cabbages. Because the crew’s food was standard, and at that time every sum of money had to be audited, completely according to the standard. One day, the crew asked Chen Xiaoxu and I to go to the city to find a leader, saying that we were hungry and had no meat. In the evening, secretary and district head of Xuanwu District … … The leaders all came to the site to work, and the district paid subsidies so that the dolls could eat meat.

Although the conditions were difficult, everyone kept improving in the whole creative process. I remember that the props used at that time were all real. We shot the location in the West Lake in Hangzhou, and all the other scenes were finished, so we couldn’t shoot Baodai Reading the West Chamber because the peach blossoms didn’t bloom. It was already spring in March, but the flowers couldn’t bloom that year because of the rain and low temperature. I also joked to the director that fake flowers could be used, but I couldn’t see them anyway. The director ignored me. The whole crew stayed in Hangzhou for several days, just to wait until the peach blossoms opened before filming this scene. Therefore, although the crew has no money, Wang Dao is very strict about the quality.

I shot that scene of "A vast expanse of whiteness is really clean", that is, the scene where Baoyu finally disappeared in the snow. It was shot on the same day as Deng Jie’s "Smart and Tired" (Wang Xifeng was buried in the snow with a broken straw mat), and we both experienced minus 25 degrees and heavy snow. Because the song "Smart and Tired" is very long, Deng Jie was dragged in the snow, and the picture had to match the song, so we couldn’t stop. Wearing little clothes, it was MINUS 25 degrees, and when I finally put her in the car, the whole person almost fainted.

Hardship is hardship, but we always strive for perfection in creation.

Q: What influence did A Dream of Red Mansions have on your later life?

A: After filming, everyone will go their separate ways, and those who should go back to the factory will go back to the factory. Director Wang Fulin told me that you played A Dream of Red Mansions and Jia Baoyu, and you will not find it enjoyable to play any role in the future, because the play is too big. I said, then I’ll be a director behind the scenes. Later, the leaders of CCTV wrote a letter directly to the leaders of sctv, recommending me to go to sctv. So I transferred the TV station from the film factory at that time, and all the relationships were transferred in five days, without any obstacles.

Q: What do you think of the significance of the establishment of the "Revisiting Classics" channel?

A: I think it’s a good thing to show the importance and care for the classics with practical actions. For those of us who have participated in classic creation, it is a support of spiritual strength.

In 2017, A Dream of Red Mansions was broadcast for 30 years, and the commemorative activities were organized by me. I begged for money everywhere. At that time, the idea was that anyone who was a member of the Red Mansion crew could come and have a real party, including the voice actor, and I also managed to eat and travel. Not only the crew will come, but also I will gather the red fans from all over the country. Later, some actors came back from abroad at their own expense, and they didn’t want me to give money, but also found their own hotels. On the morning of the event, I held a meeting with fans in the Botanical Garden and performed in the Great Hall of the People in the evening. It was hard to get a ticket for more than 5,000 seats. As soon as the curtain opened, there was a cry on stage and off stage. After the whole performance that day, everyone left. My wife and daughter and I walked out of the Great Hall of the People. It was drizzling outside, and the three of us were sitting on the steps of the Great Hall of the People. I was in tears at that time.

I have been doing activities to promote A Dream of Red Mansions since 2017, including entering universities, middle schools and primary schools, and some activities to promote A Dream of Red Mansions in cooperation with the government. I feel that although I am not a researcher of A Dream of Red Mansions, I can at least be a communicator. There are various ways and means to spread A Dream of Red Mansions, including the spread of radio dramas, dance dramas and ballet. Then I spread the stories behind the scenes of the 87th edition of A Dream of Red Mansions, which is also a kind of communication. The purpose is to make more people pay attention to, like and understand A Dream of Red Mansions. So I think that "reviewing the classics" is a spiritual power.

Q: When you retire, are there any messages for young TV artists?

A: I retired on March 5th this year. I have been in film for 48 years and worked for 46 years. I have experienced the development and prosperity of China TV series. When I was just engaged in the performance of TV series, China TV series had not yet formed its own mature style. I watched the TV series step by step towards glory, and later formed its own TV drama aesthetics. I think I have no message for young people, and I have to learn from many young art forms, keep pace with the times, follow the pace of the times, feel the context of the times, and continue to seek.

Oral guest: Ouyang Fenqiang

Invited interview and arrangement: Lin Hui (oral history expert of China Communication University)

Planning: Li Xuan, Zhao Cong

Decree No.89 of the State Administration for Industry and Commerce

　　The Regulations on the Administration of Advertising Publication and Registration, which was deliberated and adopted at the executive meeting of the State Administration for Industry and Commerce of the People’s Republic of China, is hereby promulgated and shall come into force as of December 1, 2016.　

Director Zhang Mao

November 1, 2016

Provisions on the Administration of Advertising Release and Registration

(Promulgated by Order No.89 of the State Administration for Industry and Commerce on November 1, 2016)

　　Article 1 These Provisions are formulated in accordance with the Advertising Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) (hereinafter referred to as the Advertising Law), the Administrative Licensing Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) and other laws and administrative regulations in order to strengthen the supervision and management of advertising activities and standardize the registration of advertising.

　　Article 2 A radio station, television station, newspaper publishing unit (hereinafter referred to as advertising publishing unit) that engages in advertising publishing business shall apply to the local administrative department for industry and commerce at or above the county level for registration of advertising publishing.

　　Article 3 The State Administration for Industry and Commerce shall be in charge of the supervision and administration of the publication and registration of advertisements nationwide.

　　The local administrative departments for industry and commerce at or above the county level shall be responsible for the publication and registration of advertisements and related supervision and management within their respective jurisdictions.

　　Article 4 To register advertisements, the following conditions shall be met:

　　(1) Having the qualification of a legal person; A newspaper publishing unit that does not have the legal person qualification shall apply for the registration of advertising release by its organizer with the legal person qualification;

　　(2) Having an organization specialized in advertising business;

　　(3) Having advertising practitioners and advertising examiners who are familiar with advertising laws and regulations;

　　(4) Having a place and equipment suitable for advertising.

　　Article 5 To apply for advertising registration, the following materials shall be submitted to the administrative department for industry and commerce:

　　(1) Application Form for Advertising Publication and Registration;

　　(2) Relevant media approval documents: radio stations and television stations shall submit the License for Radio and Television Broadcasting Organizations and the License for Radio and Television Channels; newspaper publishing units shall submit the License for Newspaper Publishing and periodical publishing units shall submit the License for Periodical Publishing;

　　(3) Certification documents of legal person qualification;

　　(4) The certification documents of the advertising agency and the appointment documents of the person in charge;

　　(5) Certification documents of advertising practitioners and advertising examiners;

　　(6) Certificate of use of the place.

　　The administrative department for industry and commerce shall, within five working days from the date of accepting the application, make a decision on whether to approve the registration. If registration is granted, the decision to grant registration shall be announced to the public; If the registration is not granted, the reasons shall be explained in writing.

　　Article 6 Advertising publishing units shall use their own broadcasting frequencies, TV channels, newspapers and periodicals to publish advertisements.

　　Article 7 The term of validity of advertisement publishing registration shall be consistent with the term of validity of the approval documents submitted by the advertisement publishing unit in accordance with the provisions of Article 5, paragraph 1, item 2 of these Provisions.

　　Article 8 In case of any change in the registered items of advertising, the advertising publishing unit shall apply to the administrative department for industry and commerce for registration of change within 30 days from the date of the change.

　　To apply for changing the registration of advertising release, an Application Form for Changing the Registration of Advertising Release and supporting documents related to the change shall be submitted.

　　The administrative department for industry and commerce shall make a decision on whether to approve the change within five working days from the date of accepting the application for change. If the change is approved, the decision to approve the change shall be announced to the public; If it is not changed, the reasons shall be explained in writing.

　　Article 9 Under any of the following circumstances, the advertising publishing unit shall apply to the administrative department for industry and commerce for cancellation of registration in time:

　　(1) The validity period of the advertisement publishing registration expires and the advertisement publishing unit has not applied for extension;

　　(two) the legal person qualification of the advertising publishing unit is terminated according to law;

　　(3) The registration of advertisement release is revoked or revoked according to law;

　　(four) the advertising publishing unit does not meet the conditions stipulated in Article 4 of these Provisions due to changes in circumstances;

　　(five) the advertising unit stops engaging in advertising;

　　(six) other circumstances in which the registration of advertising should be cancelled according to law.

　　Article 10 Where it is necessary to extend the registration of advertisement release upon the expiration of the validity period, the advertising publishing unit shall apply to the administrative department for industry and commerce for extension 30 days before the expiration of the validity period. The administrative department for industry and commerce shall make a decision on whether or not to approve the extension before the expiration of the validity period of the advertisement release registration. If the extension is granted, the decision to grant the extension shall be announced to the public; If it is not extended, the reasons shall be explained in writing; If no decision is made within the time limit, it shall be deemed to be granted.

　　Eleventh advertising units shall establish and improve the system of registration, audit, file management, statistical reports and other advertising business.

　　Article 12 An advertising publishing unit shall, in accordance with the requirements of the advertising statistical report system, fill in the Advertising Statistical Report on time through the advertising statistical system and submit the advertising operation of the previous year to the administrative department for industry and commerce.

　　Article 13 The administrative department for industry and commerce shall, in accordance with the relevant provisions, supervise and manage the advertising publishing units within its jurisdiction in the form of spot checks. Spot checks include:

　　(a) whether to engage in advertising activities in accordance with the registration items of advertising;

　　(2) Information on advertising practitioners and advertising censors;

　　(3) The establishment and implementation of basic management systems such as registration, audit, file management and statistical reports for advertising business;

　　(four) whether to submit the "advertising statistical report" in accordance with the provisions;

　　(five) other matters that need to be checked.

　　Article 14 Where the administrative department for industry and commerce revokes the registration of advertising release of an advertising publishing unit in accordance with the provisions of the Advertising Law, it shall notify the administrative department for industry and commerce that has registered the advertising release of the advertising publishing unit within 10 days from the date of making the decision.

　　Fifteenth radio stations, television stations, newspapers and periodicals publishing units engaged in advertising business without registration, the administrative department for Industry and Commerce shall investigate and deal with it in accordance with the provisions of Article 60 of the Advertising Law.

　　Anyone who obtains the registration of advertisement release by cheating, bribery or other improper means shall be revoked by the administrative department for industry and commerce according to law and be fined between 10,000 yuan and 30,000 yuan.

　　If the registered items of advertising release change, and the advertising release unit fails to handle the change registration according to the regulations, the administrative department for industry and commerce shall order it to change within a time limit; If the registration of change has not been handled within the time limit, a fine of not less than ten thousand yuan but not more than thirty thousand yuan shall be imposed.

　　If the advertising publishing unit fails to submit the Statistical Report of Advertising Industry as required, it shall be given a warning by the administrative department for industry and commerce and ordered to make corrections; Refuses to correct, a fine of ten thousand yuan.

　　Article 16 The administrative department for industry and commerce shall announce the registration information of advertisement release, such as approval of advertisement release registration, change registration and cancellation registration, to the public through its portal website or government public service platform. If it cannot be announced through the above channels, it shall be announced to the public through newspapers and other mass media.

　　The advertising registration information and administrative punishment information of an enterprise shall be publicized to the public according to law through the enterprise credit information publicity system.

　　Article 17 These Measures shall come into force as of December 1, 2016. The Measures for the Administration of Advertising Business License promulgated by the State Administration for Industry and Commerce on November 30, 2004 shall be abolished at the same time.

　　Source: China Communication Research Institute, China Internet Information Center, Analysys Consulting.

　　Cartography: Cai Huawei

　　In the Internet age, young people spend more and more time online and are often accused of "doing nothing". According to statistics, among the digital users in China in 2019, users aged 35 and below accounted for 68.15%. What are they busy with online? Some people became online doctors and food bloggers and moved their offices online. Some people use their spare time to develop sideline businesses such as design and writing, so as to cultivate interest and increase income. Some people work as cyber security volunteers and public review staff in their spare time, doing public welfare online and promoting positive energy … … They are all doing business online.

　　This edition will launch "Big Data Observation Network Gathering Youth Power" from now on, focusing on the vigorous vitality and surging kinetic energy released by contemporary young people on the Internet.

　　— — Editor

　　"Goodbye, alma mater, and go home to work." After graduation, Yu Pei’s employment choices are slightly different from those of his classmates. After graduating from a 211 college, she joined a self-media company, responsible for writing manuscripts and planning content.

　　In recent years, the digital economy has flourished, giving birth to many online jobs. More flexible working hours and fresh and interesting work content have attracted more and more young people to online jobs, and new flexible employment has developed rapidly. According to the White Paper on the Development and Employment of Digital Economy in China in 2019, there were 191 million jobs in China’s digital economy in 2018, accounting for 24.6% of the total employment in that year.

　　Food blogger and network marketing specialist … … Digitalization of the tertiary industry has spawned a large number of online jobs.

　　"I am an online fitness instructor." After bidding farewell to the gym where he took office, Li Wencan moved his work online. Li Wencan recorded fitness teaching videos for various online platforms, wrote fitness popular science articles for knowledge sharing websites, and served as a class teacher on fitness APP to answer fitness questions for students.

　　"I still take orders on the APP and provide on-site fitness guidance services for two or three hours a week." Li Wencan is still satisfied with the current income situation. "The monthly income is about 15,000 yuan, which is only a lot more than the previous income in the gym, but there is much more freedom and no pressure on course sales."

　　"I am an online pediatrician." From 8: 00 am to 11: 00 pm, Guo Qing is responsible for the WeChat group, and the notifications are one after another. In the eyes of many novice parents, the baby can’t eat well, sleep well and have a fever. It’s right to find Guo Qingzhun.

　　"Bao Baba Bao Ma will send me the baby’s symptoms and photos, and I will make a preliminary diagnosis accordingly, telling parents whether to continue observation or go to the hospital for further examination." Guo Qingxiao said that he is a family doctor in more than 300 families and has contributed a little to alleviating the difficulty of pediatric registration. "In fact, babies are sick, and many situations are minor problems. They can recover after a few days’ rest." Guo Qing said.

　　"I am a food blogger." After accumulating a certain popularity on a food platform, Vince resigned from his original job and became a full-time food blogger. "My daily job is to record pastry making videos and write cooking strategies." Wensisi’s food blogger is very popular. Not long ago, he just sold his own baking tutorial on a platform.

　　Private travel itinerary customizer, online media writer and online marketing specialist & HELIP; … Exploring these online jobs in detail almost all stems from the transformation of digital service industry. "Because the tertiary industry has the characteristics of high transaction costs, low proportion of fixed assets and low technology intensity, it is easier to carry out digital transformation, thus creating a large number of online jobs." Yu Xiaohui, vice president of China Institute of Information and Communication, said that the digital economy’s ability to absorb employment is mainly reflected in the tertiary industry. In 2018, there were about 134.26 million digital transformation jobs in the tertiary industry, accounting for 37.2% of the total employment in the tertiary industry. The proportion increased by about 4 percentage points.

　　Zhou Guangsu, an associate professor at the School of Labor and Personnel of Renmin University of China, said that the digital transformation of the tertiary industry has spawned new models such as platform economy and sharing economy, among which the platform economy is the most eye-catching and has become a new engine to promote entrepreneurship and employment in recent years.

　　Platform self-employment and online part-time employment … … The digital economy is reconstructing the employment model.

　　In addition to actively participating in online jobs, many young people choose to work part-time online to earn pocket money. According to Zhaopin’s recruitment survey data, in the first half of 2019, 8.2% of professionals had part-time income.

　　The research report shows that with the development of the platform economy, work is becoming more and more unrestricted by space and time. Having a main business to make a living and taking into account an interest, the main and sideline business at the same time has become a way that many young people yearn for.

　　"We found in the survey that through the Internet, whether it is programming, planning, agency operation, makeup, etc., as long as you have expertise in technology and talent, you can develop into a second career." The person in charge of a recruitment website said.

　　"The digital economy is reconstructing our employment model." Yu Xiaohui said that network information technology and internet platforms provide individuals with resources such as market, R&D and production, and individuals can engage in economic activities without entering traditional enterprises. Accordingly, employment forms have become flexible and diverse, and new flexible employment modes such as self-employment, freelance employment and part-time employment have sprung up rapidly.

　　Yu Xiaohui said that the digital economy has promoted four major changes in China’s flexible employment: First, the scale has exploded and the transition from marginal supplement to important composition has been realized. "Nowadays, with the development of new modes and formats such as online shopping and sharing economy, the number of flexible employees has increased rapidly and has gradually become an important employment force." Second, the scope has expanded rapidly to realize the transformation from a few fields to diversified fields of employment. Flexible employment is not only distributed in the field of business circulation, but also widely distributed in diversified fields such as logistics and live broadcast. Third, the quality has been continuously improved, and the transformation from low-level employment to high-level employment has been realized. More people with high academic qualifications and high human capital participate in flexible employment, especially in the fields of knowledge sharing, and the education level of flexible employees has been greatly improved. Fourth, the competitiveness has greatly jumped, and the transformation from passive choice to active participation has been realized. Nowadays, relying on the empowerment of technology and platform, flexible employees can compete in more fields, and can better meet the increasingly personalized needs in specialized fields. Flexible employment has become the active choice of employees.

　　Identification of labor relations and reasonable working hours … … Protection of labor rights and interests has become a new topic.

　　Looking ahead, Zhou Guangsu said that with the acceleration of the digitalization of the secondary industry, the number of online jobs in the secondary industry will increase greatly in the future, such as remote maintenance of equipment and online drawing. With the increasing number of online jobs and the rapid growth of flexible employment groups, Yang Weiguo, dean of the School of Labor and Human Resources of China Renmin University, pointed out that how to protect the legitimate rights and interests of these workers, including reasonable wages and working hours, is becoming a new topic.

　　"The new flexible employment model covers ‘ Manual field economy in the digital age ’ That is, it has returned to the state of individual production, family production and local production. " Yang Weiguo said that many factors such as market environment, personal choice and technological convenience may continue to push this trend forward, so we need to study how to protect the legitimate rights and interests of these workers.

　　Li Wencan is full of confusion about his relationship with the platform. "What we signed with the platform company is not a labor contract, but a cooperation agreement. The platform company is not responsible for my five insurances and one gold."

　　At present, the most controversial issue about online flexible employment is the identification of labor relations. Internet platform enterprises and labor service providers have both signed labor relations and formed non-standard labor relations through outsourcing and labor dispatch, but most of them have signed cooperation and contracting agreements to establish civil cooperation relations. "This makes it difficult for the judiciary to judge and identify. In the event of an accident, it is difficult to protect the legitimate rights and interests of workers." Yang Weiguo said.

　　Experts suggest that in the face of increasingly complex and changeable employment patterns and ways, it is necessary to introduce new laws and regulations to make a clearer definition of new labor relations. "Only in this way can we better protect the rights and interests of workers and let social security play a better role." Zhou Guangsu said.

　　21.8 yuan/kg, 23.8 yuan/kg …

　　Recently, a large number of durians in Thailand have been listed.

　　In Nanning supermarkets, fruit shops, etc.

　　This "fruit aristocrat" can be seen everywhere.

　　The price is getting closer to the people.

　　▲ Thai golden pillow durian sold in a large supermarket. Photo by our reporter Liao Xin

　　01

　　Durian sales are booming in the wholesale market.

　　You can "win" one for less than one hundred yuan.

　　"Fresh Thai golden pillow durian, 26.8 yuan a catty, cooked and sweet" "Durian special, 23.8 yuan a catty, don’t miss it!" In Nanning agricultural products wholesale market, the price of durian generally fluctuates within the range of 21.8 yuan ~ 28.8 yuan per catty, and the price of some special durian is even less than 20 yuan per catty. But the variety, size and quality of durian will have an impact on the price. The price of 28.8 yuan/kg can buy a fruit with better quality.

　　▲ Citizens buy durian at Haijixing Fruit Wholesale Market. Photo by our reporter Jin Jinhua

　　▲ The price of Thai golden pillow durian sold by a fruit stall is 28 yuan/kg. Photo by our reporter Jin Jinhua

　　"The price of durian is related to the arrival quantity, and the daily purchase price is different. Now it’s a little lower than before, and the drop is about 10 yuan/kg. Market demand will also affect the price trend. " A fruit stall owner told reporters that the current price of durian has declined due to the increase in supply.

　　▲ Citizens buy durian in Haijixing Fruit Wholesale Market. Photo by our reporter Jin Jinhua

　　In Haijixing Fruit Wholesale Market, customers who come to buy durian are in an endless stream, and the fruit stall business is very hot. "Now is the season to eat durian." The stall owner, Ms. Liu, told the reporter that the best seller in her family that day was the Thai golden pillow durian, which was priced at 23.8 yuan/kg. One weighed about 3 kg and was full of flesh, and customers could "win" one for 70 ~ 80 yuan.

　　02

　　Durian in Shangchao Fruit Shop occupies "C"

　　The price is close to the people and sets off a sales boom.

　　What about the price and sales of durian in Shangchao and Fruit Shop?

　　Major supermarkets and boutique fruit shops invariably put durian in the eye-catching "C position". The reporter visited and learned that the price of fresh durian with golden pillow in large supermarkets and fruit shops is mostly 20 yuan ~ 30 yuan/kg. Overall, the price of fruit shops is slightly higher than that of supermarkets.

　　On May 1, the reporter saw in a large supermarket chain in Yonghe Road that the supermarket launched a promotional activity of 21.9 yuan/kg of Thai golden pillow durian that day, which attracted many citizens to buy it on the spot. After the durian on the shelf was sold out, many citizens stood by waiting for replenishment. "Recently, the price of durian is very close to the people, and the quality is good. I plan to pick two and watch the drama with my family." Ms. Wei said.

　　▲ The public is waiting for durian "replenishment" in the supermarket. Our reporter Liao Xinshe

　　"This is the Thai golden pillow durian cooked on the tree. It just arrived by air today. It is very fresh." On May 4th, before the reporter passed a supermarket on Sino-Vietnamese Road, the salesman was enthusiastically selling to the past citizens at a price of 28.8 yuan/kg.

　　Durian is also very popular in some community group purchases. Ms. Zhao told the reporter that the supermarket near her home has specially built a "durian welfare group". "The price of durian in the supermarket fluctuates a little every day, and the recent price is obviously more favorable than some time ago." Ms. Zhao said.

　　03

　　Diversification of efficient customs clearance transportation channels

　　Guarantee the entry of fruits to grab the "fresh" listing.

　　After the durian of ASEAN countries matures, domestic consumers can try it early, which is inseparable from the convenience provided by major ports for ASEAN fruits to enter the China market through efficient customs clearance inspection.

　　Guangxi is the main channel for China-ASEAN fruit import and export. As the "bridgehead" of China’s opening and cooperation with ASEAN, Nanning, the capital of China, enjoys a prosperous trade in imported fruits from ASEAN.

　　Youyiguan Port is one of the most convenient land routes for ASEAN countries in China, and it is also the largest port for China-ASEAN fruit import and export trade. For many years, ASEAN fruit imports ranked first in the country. According to statistics, in the first quarter of this year, Youyiguan Customs has supervised the import of 61,000 tons of durian, up 633.6% year-on-year, accounting for 96% of Guangxi and 66.3% of the country. Durian is being continuously transported from Guangxi to markets all over the country.

　　Pingxiang Youyiguan Port has set up a special channel for importing durian, and durian from ASEAN countries can be transported to the domestic market after completing customs clearance procedures here.

　　In terms of railway transportation, Nanning Bureau of China Railway launched the "8+1" unattended refrigerated truck set in August last year, which was favored by fruit merchants. The "8+1" train set consists of 8 freezers and 1 power generation box, which can continuously supply power for 8 containers for 300 hours, and the freezers loaded with fresh goods are no longer limited by the power supply time.

　　In addition to road and rail transportation, the way of entering the country from Nanning Airport by air also allows delicious durian to fly into the "fruit basket" of China market quickly. Since the beginning of this year, durians from Thailand, Vietnam and the Philippines have successively entered the domestic market from Nanning airport port through Nanning Bangkok, Nanning Ho Chi Minh and Nanning Davao routes, among which durians from the Philippines entered China for the first time through Nanning airport port.

　　04

　　RCEP deepens trade between Guangxi and ASEAN.

　　Realizing "fruit freedom in ASEAN" is just around the corner.

　　Durian, as the most representative fruit in ASEAN countries, is deeply loved by Chinese people, and China is also the largest consumer market for durian.

　　Before RCEP (Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement) came into effect, Thai durian was the only fresh durian supplier in China. With the implementation of RCEP last year, Viet Nam has officially joined the ranks of fresh durian suppliers in China, and the cost for domestic consumers to feast on durian is expected to continue to decrease.

　　Guangxi is the gateway and window for China to open cooperation with ASEAN. Since RCEP came into effect in 2022, more and more fruits with Southeast Asian characteristics have entered the China market, including durian from Vietnam, rambutan from Malaysia, pitaya from Indonesia and bananas from the Philippines, which have continuously enriched Chinese’s "fruit basket".

　　Taking advantage of RECP, Guangxi is actively deepening its economic and trade cooperation with ASEAN countries. Since Vietnamese fresh durian was admitted to China last year, domestic consumers have been full of expectations. In the future, it will be more convenient for Vietnamese agricultural products represented by durian to enter Guangxi, and domestic consumers will also eat fresh durian with a more "people-friendly" price.

　　Nanning Evening News Nanning Bao Client Reporter Qin Jinhua Liao Xin