Judging from the origin of the story and folklore, the legend of Cowherd and Weaver Girl is not a model of positive love story. Only under the influence of Western Valentine’s Day, many people call Tanabata the ancient Valentine’s Day in China because of the story of "Cowherd and Weaver Girl Meeting". The legend of the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl has now become a well-known love legend, which has something to do with being selected into Chinese textbooks for primary and secondary schools for a long time.

Special Stamp "Cowherd and Weaver Girl-Meet at the Magpie Bridge"

Ancient origin: Cowherd and Weaver Girl are all negative images.

Limited by the underdevelopment of science and technology, in the eyes of the ancients, the sky is supreme and the stars are personalized. The stars in the vast universe have also become gods with personality consciousness, worshipped and believed. Vega has always been personified as the image of "Bai Fu Mei". "Historical Records Tianguan Book": "Weaver Girl, Goddess Sun Ye." "The History of the Later Han Dynasty and the Chronicle of Heaven": "Weaver girl, the son of heaven is a true girl." The Samsung across the Milky Way from Vega is called River Drum Star. The three stars of the river drum are arranged in a straight line, and the middle one is extremely bright. The whole image is like a cowherd carrying a son and a daughter, so the people are also called the shoulder pole star, which is more like a cow. Therefore, it was later equated with Petunia, such as "Er Ya Shi Tian": "The North Pole is called Beichen, and the drum is called Petunia."

stellar map

The origin of the legend of Cowherd and Weaver Girl can be traced back to the Zhou Dynasty. In The Book of Songs Xiaoya Dadong, it is said: "There is a Han in Wei Tian, and there is light in prison. Three of the three, Vega, seven times a day. Even though the weaver girl is busy, she doesn’t weave a good Stripe. Give him a cow, not a box. " Among them, there are records about the Weaver Girl and the Petunia Stars, which have always been regarded as the germination and embryo of the legend of the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl. The images of "Weaver Girl" and "Petunia" in the poem are quite negative: Weaver Girl doesn’t weave, Petunia doesn’t drive, and emphasizes that Petunia and Weaver Girl are in name only, thus satirizing the behavior of nobles in the Western Zhou Dynasty who get something for nothing.

The further clarification of the relationship between the legend of Niu Nv and Qixi in the Han Dynasty is inevitably related to the advocacy of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, in order to train the water army, Kunming Pool was dug in Doumen, Chang ‘an. On both sides of the pool, there are statues of cowherd and weaver girl, and Kunming pool is used to symbolize Tianhe. Ban Gu’s "Xidu Fu" "There are two stone people in Kunming Pool, who are like cows and weaver girls." During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the two stars were further personified, and there was an unfortunate plot of the marriage of the Weaver Girl. Nineteen Ancient Poems in the Han Dynasty wrote: "The Altair is far away, and the Jiaojiao River is a Chinese woman. ….. The river is clear and shallow. How much difference does it make? Ying Ying Yi Shui, the pulse is speechless. " By the time of Liang Wudi in the Southern Dynasties, Yin Yun wrote the first complete version of the legend of the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl in the Novel, "There is a Weaver Girl in the east of Tianhe, and the son of the Emperor of Heaven is also there. Every year, the loom labors, weaving into a brocade dress, and the appearance is too messy. The emperor pitied him for being alone and promised to marry a cowherd in Hexi. After marriage, he abandoned weaving. The Emperor of Heaven was angry and ordered to return to Hedong, but it was held once a year. " The story explains the tragedy of their marriage, and the annual meeting has become a model of faithful love.

However, according to the text data of Yunmeng Qin Bamboo Slips unearthed in Hubei, the original prototype of the touching love story between Cowherd and Weaver, the daughter of Tiandi, is the marriage tragedy that Cowherd abandoned Weaver many times. "Wu Shen, Ji You, pulling the cow to take the weaver girl, failing, three abandonment." "Wu Shen, Ji You, pull the cow to take the weaver girl and fail. If you are not three years old, you will abandon it." Different from the legend of later generations, their separation was not caused by external interference, but by the man’s change of heart. People look up at the starry sky, and two bright stars twinkle on both sides of Tianhe, so they imagine that these two stars may be a couple. The husband abandoned his wife, and the wife looked at the "ungrateful person" on the other side of Tianhe affectionately. Why does the separation of Altair and Vega in the sky become a symbol of the tragedy of marriage between men and women on earth? Looking through the Book of Songs, we will find some social tragedies that reflect the change of heart of men and the abandonment of their wives in a patriarchal society, such as Ye Feng Gu Feng, which "turns an Jiang Le to a woman" and "turns an Jiang Le to a legacy"; "Wei Feng for self-protection", "the banquet of the general angle, laughing and laughing, swearing, not thinking about the opposite."

　

Folklore: It is a helpless move for the weaver girl to marry the cowherd.

The embryonic form of the myth of "Cowherd and Weaver Girl" was established in the Han Dynasty, and the myth of Cowherd and Weaver Girl was widely spread among the people through the rendering of scholars in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and the story plot and characters have been deeply rooted in people’s hearts. Since the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the family system has become more stringent, and the story of the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl has also incorporated these elements.

In quite a few versions, the combination of Cowherd and Weaver Girl is not the true love that most people know now. Cowherd was able to cross the family line and marry the "Bai Fumei" Weaver Girl, which was caused by stealing the fairy clothes under the guidance of the old cow. After marriage, Weaver Girl mostly managed to get the fairy clothes back and escape from the world. There are 18 articles in China Legend of Cowherd and Weaver Girl and Folk Literature Volume edited by Chen Yongchao.

Various versions of the legend of Cowherd and Weaver Girl before the founding of the People’s Republic of China

Legend of China Cowherd and Weaver Girl

These stories often use words such as "had to" and "forced" when describing the marriage of the Weaver Girl to the Cowherd. For example, it is most clearly expressed in The Silly Cowherd and the Weaver Girl, which is circulated in Shijiazhuang. "The Silly Cowherd is in a hurry and says that the Weaver Girl doesn’t love the same flesh and blood, and she is absolutely heartless. Weaver girl even cursed the silly cowherd:’ You are not a thing! Who told you to take my clothes and force me to get married! You have harmed me and a pair of children, which are all your sins!’ "It can be seen that the combination of the Weaver Girl and the Cowherd is out of helplessness. It is in the case that the Weaver Girl was stolen from the fairy clothes and could not return to heaven, and the Cowherd saw the body, so she had to stay on earth and marry the Cowherd. They originally lacked the emotional foundation of mutual consent, which laid a hidden danger for the Weaver Girl to escape to the sky and their marriage broke down.

Special stamp "Cowherd and Weaver Girl-Stealing Clothes and Becoming Attached"

There is also a plot worthy of attention in many stories, that is, the plot of Niu Lang’s "hiding clothes to prevent his wife". This just proves that the weaver girl has no love for the cowherd, and she was forced to marry and have children with the cowherd-the fairy clothes were hidden. There are 20 articles in "The Legend of the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl in China Folk Literature Volume" that contain the plot of "hiding clothes to prevent wives". Cowherd’s attitude towards Weaver Girl is more than guarding against theft. He took the initiative, or listened to the old cow’s instructions, and hid the fairy clothes of Weaver Girl in a secret place to prevent her from escaping. Cowherd’s "hiding clothes to prevent his wife" comes first, which has become an important prerequisite for the weaver girl to abandon her husband and children and flee to heaven. For example, in "Meet at the Que Bridge" written by Panshi, Jilin Province, "The Cowherd carries the Weaver Girl on his back and buries her long-sleeved shirt under the stone beside the door". This precaution even lasts into the daily life after marriage. In The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl in Shijiazhuang, the Cowherd "guards the Weaver Girl in the dark, always afraid that she will run back to the sky".

Stories of hiding clothes and defending wives in many versions

Judging from the existing literature, the earliest literature record about drawing a river was also drawn by Weaver Girl. Gong Mingzhi’s "Notes on the Middle Wu Dynasty" in the Song Dynasty: "Kunshan County is east, and the place name is Huanggu. From father to father, it is said that there is a weaver girl and Altair descended here. The weaver girl rowed the river with a golden grate, and the river overflowed, so the petunia could not cross it. "

Special stamp "Cowherd and Weaver Girl-Chasing Wife with a Burden"

The pursuit of free love is the theme after the transformation.

In fact, the image change of the story of the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl is the result of the continuous transformation of myths and legends by national emotions, and the elements of the times are constantly added. This has always been the case since ancient times. The version we are familiar with at present is more the result of the transformation of operas such as Tianhe Pei after the founding of the People’s Republic of China, which has established the theme of labor, love and anti-feudalism. Cowherd became the representative of working people’s image, Weaver girl became the representative of pursuing free love, and Queen Mother became the representative of feudal parents.

The legend of the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl has now become a well-known love legend, which has something to do with its long-term selection in Chinese textbooks for primary and secondary schools.The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl was first selected as a middle school Chinese textbook in 1955, and was personally adapted from folklore by Mr. Ye Shengtao, then president of People’s Education Publishing House. The adapted legend of Cowherd and Weaver Girl still retains the original story form of swan virgin, fairy ordinary man and two brothers in structure, but it has made great changes in thought. The most important change is to eliminate the negative images of Cowherd and Weaver Girl, and to highlight the persecution of young men and women by the old ethics and the old system. The story implies the persecution of lovers by feudal paternalism "parents’ orders, matchmakers’ words", and the persecution of cowherd by feudal hierarchy (the fairy is different) and patriarchal clan system (the old and the young are orderly).

These reservations and adaptations are reflected in the content. The reserved plot includes the persecution of Cowherd by his brother and sister-in-law. "My brother and sister-in-law treated him badly, told him to eat leftovers, wear rags and sleep in the cowshed at night." The plot of returning clothes is an important part of changing the nature of the story. Cowherd not only did not hide his clothes, but also refused to return them. When the Cowherd heard the Weaver Girl ask where the clothes were, he also took the initiative to return the gauze clothes to him. "When the Cowherd heard this, he came out of the Woods and held the gauze clothes in his hands and said,’ Don’t worry, girl, your clothes are here’" … After listening to the Weaver Girl’s words, the Cowherd said,’ Girl, since there is nothing good in the sky, you don’t have to go back. You can work, and I can work. Let’s get married and live together for life. " The weaver girl thought for a moment and said,’ You are right. Let’s get married and live together.’ "In this case, the Weaver Girl took the initiative to stay, belonging to two people with emotional foundation. As for this version of the Queen Mother, it is completely the image of a vicious old lady. "She went to the Cowherd’s house in person, and it happened that Cowherd was working in the field, so she grabbed the Weaver Girl and walked out. Seeing the old woman angrily pulling her mother away, the Weaver Girl boy ran to hold her clothes. The Queen Mother gave a hard push and the child fell to the ground. "

The Images of Cowherd, Weaver Girl and Queen Mother in Comic Books

Before the founding of the People’s Republic of China, most people learned and passed on the legend of Cowherd and Weaver Girl by word of mouth, so the versions had different themes. Nowadays, most people know the legend of the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl through written texts, mostly based on the legend of the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl adapted by Ye Shengtao in Chinese textbooks, which is an important factor affecting people’s cognition of the legend of the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl after the founding of the People’s Republic of China. Ye Shengtao’s adaptation could have been accepted by the public, which met the social needs of abolishing the old ethics and pursuing equality, especially the pursuit of free love after the founding of the People’s Republic of China, and also satisfied the people’s long-hidden dream of a fairy.

Today, customs such as "begging for cleverness" on Qixi, which is closely related to ancient needlework, have lost their original soil. The beautified fairy tale of the meeting between the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl is still widely circulated. These make modern people make a wrong judgment-Qixi is an ancient Valentine’s Day. In today’s Chinese Valentine’s Day, merchants take the opportunity to engage in promotion, and the media will not hesitate to report on the layout; On the other hand, matchmaking agencies took the opportunity to engage in friendship, and even local women’s organizations joined the team of friendship matchmaking for fear of being left behind. The reason for this situation is that I don’t know the original custom of Tanabata and the original story of Cowherd and Weaver Girl. The reason is probably a series of phenomena caused by contemporary commerce under the influence of Western Valentine’s Day. Have you noticed that even Christmas Eve and Christmas in the west are packaged by China businessmen as the day when men and women meet?

References:

Zhou Yuxian: Inheritance and Evolution of Cowherd and Weaver Girl Literature in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, Capital Normal University, March 2009.

Li Chao: Another Probe into the Image of the Weaver Girl —— On the Negative Image of the Weaver Girl in the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl Story, Folk Culture Forum, August 2012.

Qi Lingyun: Gender Conflict and Discourse Power —— On the Evolution of the Legend of Cowherd and Weaver Girl before and after the Founding of the People’s Republic of China, Folklore Research, No.5, 2014.

Editor’s Note: Spring Festival, the traditional "New Year Festival" in China, is not only the most emotional traditional festival in China, but also the most vivid embodiment of the Chinese nation’s values and aesthetic pursuit. In 2019, when the Spring Festival of Jihai is coming, the Buddhist channel of Phoenix.com launched the specially planned "Happy Year of the Heart and Pig: He Xinchun, a global monk", inviting the global monks to record a blessing video and send the warmest wishes to Chinese people around the world. This video is a blessing video sent by Master Zong Zhou, the abbot of Duobaojiang Temple in Shangyu.

Master Zong Zhou’s blessing written record: Dear Phoenix netizens, hello everyone! The old year is about to pass, and the new year is coming. In this new year, our life is like water in the desert. After a day, it will only decrease, not increase. Then we won’t waste it and dump it in the desert. Of course, if we don’t waste it, but always take it out of the desert and don’t drink it, it’s also a waste.

I wish you all the best in the new year. What we need most is our relatives around us, and our closest relatives are our parents. I hope we can devote this precious person to them generously, listen to their voices more and share our happiness with them more. In this way, we will get the greatest happiness with our parents.

Let us in the new year, everything can get the blessing of the three treasures, and everything is auspicious. I wish you all good luck in the day, good luck in the night and good luck at six o’clock in the day and night. Amitabha!

Master Zongzhou also prepared 15 copies of organic rice for everyone to become attached to. If you want to get it, come and participate!

Participation mode:

1. Wechat: Forward this message to a circle of friends, collect 20 likes, and send a screenshot to Wechat WeChat official account "Consciousness" to get it.

2. Weibo: Pay attention to Weibo’s "Phoenix Net Chinese Buddhism" and forward the video of Master Zong Zhou’s blessing, so that you can get it.

3, headline number: pay attention to the headline number Phoenix. com Chinese Buddhism, and forward the video of Master Zong Zhou’s blessing, that is, you have the opportunity to get it.

Welcome to pay attention to the official WeChat WeChat official account "Awakening" of Fenghuang. com, and be a disseminator of wisdom!

　　Gao Yue, the author of the comic book "Protect You"

　　Legal Daily reporter Wang Chun

　　Legal Daily correspondent Jiang Jianfang

　　In recent years, the crimes of sexual assault on minors that have occurred from time to time have stung the social nerves again and again. How to prevent and expose the "big bad wolf" around those children and protect their healthy growth? At the recent seminar on the construction of the national unchecked innovation practice base, the Procuratorate of Yinzhou District, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province made an exchange speech entitled "One-stop case handling mechanism construction". Up to now, the Yinzhou District Procuratorate has collected evidence from 62 underage victims in one-stop places.

　　Lv Yijun, Party Secretary and Procurator-General of Yinzhou District Procuratorate, told the reporter of Legal Daily that since it was designated as the "National Innovative Practice Base for Minors’ Procuratorial Work" by the Supreme People’s Procuratorate in April 2018, Yinzhou Procuratorate has continuously promoted the construction of innovative practice bases through resource integration, system improvement and technology upgrading, and built an integrated protection system to strive for the ultimate protection of minors.

　　Provide one-stop judicial service

　　For cases of sexual assault on minors, Chen Hao, director of the Seventh Procuratorate of Yinzhou District Procuratorate, has been nervous. Her mobile phone is connected to the platform of the Public Security 110 Command Center. As long as there is a case of sexual assault on minors in the jurisdiction, she can receive relevant information at the first time.

　　After that, the prosecutor of the Seventh Procuratorate will immediately rush to the workstation for the protection of minors in the Second Hospital of Yinzhou, contact the hospital to appoint a doctor to check the victim’s body and extract the certificate, and the public security police will make a record of the victim at the workstation, and the prosecutor will intervene and guide in advance.

　　This workstation covers an area of about 60 square meters, with independent elevators and gates. It is arranged warmly and comfortably, which can make the children here relax as much as possible. The whole room is divided into two rooms, the former is an inquiry room and the latter is a physical examination room. The inquiry room is divided into three functional blocks: psychotherapy area, conversation guidance area and case inquiry area. Close-up cameras, panoramic cameras, pickups, switches and other equipment in the inquiry area are convenient for synchronous audio and video recording of the whole inquiry process, and can burn the inquiry process into a CD for subsequent case-handling units to read.

　　Such a standardized process benefits from the one-stop place and case-handling mode of "integration of prosecutors and police, cooperation between prosecutors and doctors" initiated by Yinzhou District Procuratorate in 2017.

　　Chen Jing, a full-time member of the Seventh Procuratorate of Yinzhou District Procuratorate, said, "In the past judicial practice, in the process of investigation, arrest, public prosecution and trial, the abused minors may be repeatedly questioned and have to tell the details and process of the infringement many times, which is undoubtedly a kind of ‘ Secondary injury ’ . Setting the inquiry place in the hospital, making full use of the resources of all parties, and truly realizing the one-time inquiry, evidence collection and inspection of underage victims, not only protects their privacy, but also protects them from ‘ Secondary injury ’ " .

　　In order to make the workstation play an effective role, the Yinzhou District Procuratorate issued the "Detailed Rules for the Use of One-stop Inquiry Room for Juvenile Victims of Sexual Abuse" to refine and improve the one-stop workflow and specific requirements; And the public security department will sign the documents such as Opinions on the Procurator’s Office of Juvenile Criminal Cases in Public Security Organs and Several Opinions on Establishing Interrogation Rules for Juvenile Victims, and further establish information sharing mechanisms, timely intervention in investigation mechanisms, consultation and judgment mechanisms and inquiry mechanisms for victims; And the Second Hospital of Yinzhou signed the Cooperation Agreement on Medical Assistance for Minor Victims of Sexual Assault Cases, and further improved various systems such as relief fees, relief methods, relief scope and relief standards.

　　In addition, considering the current situation that most minor victims need assistance, in order to make up for the lack of judicial assistance, Yinzhou District Procuratorate has also led the district love enterprises to set up the "Seven-color Flower" special assistance fund for minors and the Zhongzhe Group’s "Legal-related Assistance Fund for Minors" with a total amount of 3 million yuan.

　　Establish a national invasion database

　　Chen Qi was deeply impressed by a case in which a kindergarten doorman molested a girl while temporarily taking care of her. Affected by this, girls become taciturn and afraid of others.

　　When Chen Qi first met her at the workstation, she hid behind her mother and refused to come out. Chen Qi advised softly, took out a plush toy and handed it to the woman. Only then did the girl slowly put down her guard.

　　After the case inquiry was completed, Chen Qi learned that the girl may have stress-related obstacles, so she contacted a psychological counselor to give her psychological counseling, and applied for a 10,000 yuan rescue fund for the girl. She also communicated with the girl’s mother by telephone from time to time to understand the girl’s recent situation. Knowing that the girl’s life is back on track, Chen Qi finally breathed a sigh of relief.

　　In Chen Qi’s view, the occurrence of this case revealed that there were problems in the management of personnel employment in kindergartens. However, the lack of supervision in the positions that are in close contact with minors can easily lead to troubles. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the entry examination, establish a database of crimes against minors, and create a "firewall" to prohibit those who have a criminal record of sexual assault from entering these industries.

　　Through preliminary investigation, Yinzhou District Procuratorate found that some local procuratorial organs have tried first and set up a local information database on crimes against minors. However, Chen Jing believes: "This kind of database data is limited to the local area, so it is impossible to avoid the dilemma that criminals commit crimes in one place and go to another place to work."

　　In order to solve the problem of "protection vacuum" caused by cross-regional and cross-industry, in May this year, Yinzhou District Procuratorate took the lead in establishing a basic information database covering the whole country for employers and competent administrative departments in Yinzhou District who have close contact with minors.

　　There are about 370,000 pieces of information in this database, covering the information of qualified personnel aged 18 to 60 who have been punished for rape, child molestation and other criminal acts or administrative punishment for indecent acts in the past 10 years. At the beginning of each month, the information collectors of public security law use big data to update the data in real time.

　　In order to standardize the information inquiry mechanism, the Yinzhou District Procuratorate, together with nine units including the Political and Legal Committee of the District Committee, the court and the Public Security Bureau, formulated and promulgated the Inquiry Work System, which stipulates that educational units, training institutions, medical institutions, rescue institutions, youth activity centers and other units or departments that have close contact with minors within their jurisdiction should strengthen the examination of entry personnel, and it is strictly forbidden to employ personnel with criminal records of sexual assault. If a person who has been in the information database commits the crime of sexually assaulting a minor again because he has not inquired or neglected to perform the duties of management and supervision, the responsibility of the relevant personnel shall be investigated. Up to now, Yinzhou District has conducted a general information survey on 11,446 employees, and no abnormalities have been found.

　　As soon as the document was issued, employers took the initiative to inquire, otherwise, once a sexual assault case occurred, they would be severely punished. The relevant person in charge of Ningbo Yinzhou Squirrel Hall Education and Training Co., Ltd. believes that training institutions can only recruit teachers according to their resumes. It is necessary to further understand the personal situation of teachers through the employment inquiry mechanism.

　　Build an integrated working system

　　It is an important duty of procuratorial organs to educate, reform and save minors.

　　In February 2018, the "Seven-color Flower" unchecked team of Yinzhou District Procuratorate was established, with 7 female prosecutors and 5 graduate students. The "Seven-color Flower" unchecked team focused on juvenile education, juvenile victim protection and assistance, and juvenile crime prevention, and gradually formed a work pattern of protection integration, case handling mechanism, socialization of assistance and education, and comprehensive prevention.

　　In the case of handling the theft of Yang, a Yi teenager with conditional non-prosecution, the team took the lead in launching a diversified model of caring and helping education led by prosecutors, judicial social workers, volunteers and caring people. All parties jointly worked out targeted help and education programs and plans, and the judicial social workers conducted "one-on-one" follow-up guidance on Yang’s volunteer service, community service and labor education. At the same time, the team also arranged for Yang to study cooking in the nursing base from his hobbies and his urgent need to master the skills of making a living. During the inspection, Yang took an active part in voluntary activities and joined the anti-piracy volunteer team in Yinzhou District, realizing the qualitative change from "thief" to "anti-piracy" and giving back to the society with his own actions.

　　The Yinzhou District Procuratorate and the District Comprehensive Management Office also jointly issued the Implementation Opinions on Promoting the Integration of Minors’ Protection in Yinzhou District, and established 17 departments including courts, public security bureaus, judicial bureaus, women’s federations and working committees, covering all functional departments involved in the protection of minors, including criminal, civil, administrative, prevention, rescue and other multi-level protection, including judicial social workers, volunteer teams and psychological counselors.

　　The "Implementation Opinions" emphasizes that it is necessary to build a one-stop case-handling and rescue mechanism for minor victims, a social support mechanism for minors, a protection and rescue mechanism for children in distress, a publicity and preventive education mechanism for minors under the rule of law, and a public interest litigation mechanism involving minors, so as to form an ideological consensus and working mechanism for the whole region to participate in the integrated protection of minors.

　　In order to comprehensively protect minors in all directions, the Yinzhou District Procuratorate has also developed the application platform of "Yinzhou Wisdom Unchecked", which has seven functions: social investigation+suitable adults+care and help+psychological counseling+social assistance+clue reporting+preventive education, and weaves the wisdom protection network for minors.

　　In the first half of this year, through the reporting platform of "Yinzhou Wisdom Unchecked", Yinzhou Procuratorate learned that the shops around a school were selling unqualified food, and the team police intervened at the first time, and together with the public security police, they repeatedly investigated and collected evidence, and filed the first criminal incidental civil public interest litigation case in Ningbo with the court. In the end, the court adopted the relevant opinions of the procuratorate, sentenced the defendant to six months in prison, suspended for one year, and fined 10 thousand yuan, prohibiting the defendant from engaging in food production, sales and related activities during the probation period; The defendant unit was fined 15,000 yuan, paid more than 40,000 yuan in compensation for public interest litigation, and publicly apologized in the national media.

　　A "flow chart for withdrawing files" has plunged Peking University and Henan Admissions Offices into a whirlpool of public opinion.

　　On the morning of August 15th, the Admissions Office of Henan Province issued a statement saying that it was found that the recruitment staff of a county in Henan Province was negligent, and the information of the candidates’ withdrawal process was taken by others without authorization and spread online. According to the statement, the "flow chart of withdrawing files", which should have been kept confidential during the enrollment process, "unintentionally leaked" due to the negligence of the enrollment staff. At present, the Henan Provincial Admissions Office has interviewed and sent a letter to the relevant departments of the county, requesting further investigation and verification of the situation and handling it according to the rules and regulations.

　　Xiong Bingqi, an educational scholar and vice president of 21st Century Education Research Institute, told The Paper that the "flow chart for withdrawing files" belongs to the internal flow information of enrollment work and should be kept confidential and will not be made public. However, the relevant departments should keep the process information for future reference when enrolling students. In the face of enrollment disputes, it can be viewed by the supervision department or the higher authorities to determine whether the enrollment work is illegal.

　　What punishment should the staff bear for the disclosure of confidential workflow information due to negligence?

　　Xiong Bingqi believes that the staff member may be subject to administrative sanctions. He said that under the current enrollment system, every link of information should be open and transparent, and candidates can question the results of enrollment and ask the enrollment department to know whether the education and examination departments and schools violate the rules according to the public information, so as to safeguard their rights.

　　The Paper found that Article 10 of the Interim Measures for Handling Violations of Enrollment in Ordinary Colleges and Universities published by the Ministry of Education in 2014 stipulates that the enrollment staff may "disclose unpublished candidates’ scores, candidates’ volunteers, admission scores, etc., which may affect the admission of fair information, or disclose or resell candidates’ personal information". The unit to which they belong shall immediately order them to suspend their enrollment work, and the relevant departments shall give corresponding punishment or other treatment according to the seriousness of the case; Anyone suspected of committing a crime shall be transferred to judicial organs for handling according to law.

　　In addition, the data show that the Ministry of Education has previously regulated the possible enrollment violations in colleges and universities by issuing regulations and implementing interim measures.

　　The Ministry of Education pointed out in the "Regulations on Enrollment of Ordinary Colleges and Universities in 2019" issued in March this year that, except for the information that should be publicly disclosed to the public according to regulations, any unit or individual may not provide it to others or disclose it to the public without authorization, and illegal dissemination and sale are strictly prohibited.

　　At the same time, this regulation explains the penalties for violations of laws and regulations in all aspects of college entrance examination registration, examination and admission. Candidates, examination staff and other social personnel who violate the rules in the enrollment, examination, admission and other aspects of college enrollment will be dealt with severely in strict accordance with the procedures and regulations determined by the provisions (measures) of the Criminal Law and the Education Law, and the parties and related personnel will be held accountable according to the law; Anyone suspected of committing a crime shall be promptly transferred to judicial organs for legal responsibility. Those who violate the rules and regulations of public officials will be dealt with seriously in accordance with relevant regulations.

　　In May of this year, the Henan Provincial Department of Education simultaneously issued the relevant regulations on the enrollment of ordinary colleges and universities in 2019.

　　Previously, the Peking University Admissions Committee issued a statement saying that in view of the fact that the "National Special Plan" admission work in Henan Province adopts the method of voluntary filing in order, the two candidates who have retired have reached the admission control scores of the same batch and met the admission conditions, and should be admitted; There are irregularities in the process of withdrawing files, and the reasons for withdrawing files in the admissions office are not established. The Admissions Committee decided to apply for the re-registration of two candidates who had dropped out of the file according to the procedure.

Brand has existed for centuries, and its emergence marks the maturity of the concept of commodity exchange. It can be said that the appearance and development of brand is a social and economic phenomenon and the product of the development of commodity economy to a certain stage.

1. Development history of foreign brands

Brand development in western countries has roughly experienced four periods:

(1) primitive period. Before the invention of movable type printing in 1450, the brand developed in a primitive and unconscious state. However, people have unconsciously applied the concept of brand in business activities. At that time, with the prosperity of economy and the increase of business activities, people began to spread brands by word of mouth.

(2) the germination period. Before the industrial revolution, brand development was in its infancy. At that time, it mainly paid attention to the labeling of products or producers, so it was also called the labeling period. For example, in the western United States, the earliest entrepreneurs (that is, big farmers) branded the company’s logo on the buttocks of animals, and used such an indelible mark to show his ownership of the assets of animals. Since then, the brand has the function of distinguishing from other people’s goods.

(3) growth period. At the end of 18th century and the beginning of 19th century, or after the industrial revolution, western countries experienced rapid economic development, increased products and intensified competition, and brand development entered the growth period or trademark period. The biggest feature of brand development in this period is that enterprises generally attach importance to trademark registration.

The industrial revolution made the machine industry replace manual production, and the manufacturing industry was more developed. In order to strengthen the protection of brands, the trademark system came into being, and brands in the modern sense came into being. Starting with the first car with horizontal bar engine made in Germany in 1886, Coca Cola was born in 1886, Gillette shaver appeared in 1895, Kodak brand was born in 1898, Ford Model T came out in 1908, Boeing brand quietly landed in 1917, Marlboro brand came out in 1924, Nestle coffee came out in 1938, and a number of brands gradually developed and grew.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the earliest legal provisions on trademarks appeared in France. Subsequently, Britain, the United States, Germany and Japan have also promulgated their own trademark laws. Trademark system is popular all over the world, and brands have been recognized and guaranteed by law.

(4) maturity. At the end of 19th century and the beginning of 20th century, the role of brand as an important means of competition gradually emerged. Especially after the Second World War, with the rapid development of science and technology, high technology is widely used in production, enterprise groups are maturing, consumer demand is changing with each passing day, and enterprise competition is unprecedented fierce, thus ushered in the so-called "brand economy" era, and brand development has entered a mature period or brand period. The globalization trend of brand communication is obvious, but it has national characteristics. A large number of brands with unique connotations and advanced concepts have been born, and the research on brands has been deepened day by day. During this period, famous brands such as KFC, McDonald’s, Disney, Toyota, Hitachi, Panasonic and Sony appeared, which has entered the era of brand competition.

2. The development stage of foreign brands

Looking at the development history of foreign brands, it can be summarized into four stages, namely, the formal brand stage, the legal brand stage, the famous brand stage and the commercialized brand stage.

(1) The formalization stage of the brand. In the stage of brand development, the first is the formalization of the brand. From a formal point of view, a brand is a symbol. Since ancient times, people have marked their own livestock with unique marks to distinguish them from other people’s livestock. In English, the word "Brand" means to stamp, indicating the origin and manufacturer of a product or service. In the early days, people widely used formal brands, which started with all kinds of craftsmen marking their products to distinguish them from those made by others. At this stage, when people understand the brand, they only regard it as a form of symbol and mark, so that consumers can distinguish the origin and source of the product through this symbol. This symbol ensures that the product is provided by the same supplier with the same quality and characteristic level, and after the product is sold, it can make the buyer identify the manufacturer of the product and facilitate repair and replacement. This kind of formalized brand also has certain binding force on other product manufacturers, and to some extent, it has played a role in preventing its own products from being counterfeited by others.

(2) The legalization stage of the brand. The significance of brand legalization lies in brand trademark, and brand has become an integral part of intellectual property rights. According to the development of commodity economy and fierce market competition, many western countries have promulgated and promulgated trademark laws and related brand protection regulations, which makes the concept of brand clearly defined in law. Therefore, the brand of goods and services can be protected by law, and the word brand is also reflected in relevant laws. Legalization of brand shows in the legal sense that after the brand is registered, the owner and franchisor of the brand get the protectable property, and can also prevent others from impacting, counterfeiting and hurting. In 1803, France introduced the world’s earliest brand-related law, the Law on Factories, Workshops and Workshops, which defined counterfeiting other people’s trademarks as the crime of forging documents without permission and punished it. The United States began to implement the Federal Trademark Regulations of the United States of America in 1870; Germany also promulgated the Trademark Protection Law in 1874, which made the brand development enter the era of legalization. Brand-related laws that have been recognized and implemented around the world mainly include the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Intellectual Property Rights, which was promulgated and implemented on March 20th, 1883, and the madrid agreement concerning the international registration of marks, which was promulgated and implemented on April 14th, 1891. China is also a member of these two conventions and agreements.

(3) the brand-name stage of the brand. After World War II, great changes have taken place in the world economy, scientific and technological progress has promoted the rapid development of productive forces, people’s material and cultural living standards have been greatly improved, consumers have changed from meeting basic physiological needs to pursuing higher psychologically and spiritually, paying attention to the expression and development of individuality, and there are abundant commodities in the market, and the differences in quality, performance and price of commodities have gradually narrowed. At the same time, due to the joint action of various modern media, the spread and diffusion of commodity brands are more effective and fast, which promotes and influences consumers to form the concept and value trend of brand-name consumption, and the outstanding performance of brand-name products in the market has brought rich super-value profits to enterprises. The demonstration effect of brand-name consumption is to cause people to chase brand-name goods all over the world. During this period, brand has become the focus of market competition among enterprises.

Brand-name brand has become the goal and direction of brand development for all enterprises. Brand-name brand is an outstanding brand among many brands. Brand-name brand goods are symbols of high-quality products and services. They occupy the market and conquer the high-quality goods of users and consumers with their outstanding performance and the appearance of appealing to both refined and popular tastes. From the market performance, the famous brand indicates that the enterprise’s labor is highly recognized by the society, reflects the trend of consumer psychological preference and cultural taste, is the unity of social material and spiritual values, and is the biggest feature of modern social consumption concept and cultural value orientation. During this period, many famous brands began to appear in various markets around the world, such as Coca-Cola drinks in the United States, Kodak films, Ford cars and Toyota cars in Japan. Famous brands have become a powerful weapon for enterprises to participate in international market competition in this period.

(4) the commercialization stage of the brand. When the world began to pay close attention to intellectual property rights, enterprise merger and brand export, and the implementation of franchising and other management, the formal meaning, legal attributes and branding of the brand could not fully explain the true meaning of the brand. It can be said that the nature of the brand has changed suddenly, that is, the brand has the characteristics of general commodity value and exchange function, and the commodity attributes of the brand have emerged. A brand is a commodity, which has the general attributes and characteristics of a commodity, and its development has entered the era of brand commercialization. Enterprises with brands pay more attention to the connotation of the brand and the intangible assets value of the brand itself.

When marketing activities are carried out, brands are integrated into business assets as intellectual property and intangible assets of enterprises. When enterprises merge and expand, brand assets have become an important asset composition of asset merger and reorganization. Even the brand can be auctioned as an independent asset when the enterprise goes bankrupt. For example, the famous British car brand manufacturer "Rolle Period-Roy Period" was transferred to the German Volkswagen Company at a price of hundreds of millions of pounds during the merger of the enterprise. Developed countries make use of the commodity characteristics of brands to export brands to developing countries in the international market, and adopt the way of licensing brands as an investment in local enterprises, implement franchising and realize the brand expansion strategy. For example, in many Coca-Cola production plants and filling lines around the world, the Coca-Cola Company has no direct investment, but only provides licenses for the use of Coca-Cola stock solution and Coca-Cola brands, and enterprises that use brands have to pay a considerable amount of brand use fees every year. Another example is the licensee who uses McDonald’s brand. In addition to the initial cost of about 600,000 US dollars, he will also pay McDonald’s brand service fee and brand use fee, which account for 11.5% of its operating income. It can be said that the era of brand commercialization has arrived. (The author is a member of the writing team of Brand Innovation)

Sydney: From the first day to the fifteenth day, every day is the taste of New Year.

Sydney Opera House

New year’s goodsYou may not believe it, but in Sydney, the Spring Festival is very strong. In Sydney’s Chinatown, there are all kinds of Chinese restaurants, pastry shops and handicraft shops. Whether it’s Spring Festival couplets, lanterns, Chinese knots, or traditional China cuisine, you can basically buy them, so don’t worry about the new year.

Red envelopes for lucky money

Old customsIn addition to the official Spring Festival series in Sydney, there are many activities in major Chinese areas. Since the 25th of the twelfth lunar month, various activities have been staged in Sydney. On New Year’s Eve, the Sydney Opera House and the Harbour Bridge will become the most beautiful red, followed by New Year’s Eve and grabbing red envelopes.

On New Year’s Day, you can listen to a free China concert brought by the Sydney Conservatory of Music and famous tenors. You can enjoy a difficult lion dance performance; During the Spring Festival, Sydney also invited some calligraphers to show off the charm of calligraphy. On the second day of New Year’s Day, there are special events in the Art Museum during the Spring Festival. On the fourth day of the first month, there is a red envelope distribution activity at the Sydney fish market. It’s time to start exercising your hand speed. On February 8, there was also an LED lion dance show at the Circular Pier. The China Cheongsam Show on February 9th can take you through time.

[New Year’s Eve]On New Year’s Eve, in order to tie in with the Spring Festival, many restaurants in Sydney have launched "New Year’s Eve". No matter western food or buffet, China elements are added to their menus. Families who don’t want to do it themselves at home can go to the restaurant to have a look.

Singapore: Preparing New Year’s Eve dinner at home is even more delicious.

Singapore Chinatown Plaza

[new year’s goods]】 In the Spring Festival, the legal holidays here are two days, that is, the first day and the second day. Chinatown in Singapore is called Chinatown. When the Chinese New Year is coming, there are many people selling New Year’s goods there. You can see Spring Festival couplets, lighting, desserts, preserved ducks and dried fruits.

Chinese knot with auspicious meaning

Old customsOn January 26th, in Chinatown Square, the lion dance competition has already started. There are more than 10 pairs of top lion dance teams, who show their talents on the plum blossom pile and try their best to compete for the plum blossom award. Next, at Xinqiao Road and Yudongxuan Street, local and overseas art groups will jointly perform, which is the highlight of the New Year every year. You can also see the lighting display for seven weeks in a row, which is very suitable for taking a concave photo.

People go shopping in Chinatown Square to buy new year’s goods.

At the Spring Festival party in Chinatown, you can see the atmosphere of Chinese New Year singing and dancing. At the New Year’s Eve party, you can also see new media artists interacting with the audience through Chinese New Year songs, short videos and games to welcome the arrival of the New Year. On the evening of February 17th, there will be a large-scale street performance famous in Asia, which will be staged in Chinatown on the weekend of Lantern Festival. Float parade and makeup parade will bring the New Year celebration to a more joyful situation. According to local people, fireworks can be set off at mbs on the night of the Spring Festival, and many people will go to see it.

New year lion dance custom

[New Year’s Eve]As for the New Year’s Eve dinner, many Chinese will want to eat it at home, buy food and cook for jiaozi. On the one hand, we respect China’s traditional customs; on the other hand, it is difficult to change our living habits for so many years. The whole family gathers together to cook and eat, which is more festive.

Vietnam: Chinese New Year is still a celebration.

New year’s goodsThere is not much difference between Vietnamese new year’s goods and Chinese’s new year’s goods. In addition to selling New Year’s pictures and oranges, there are all kinds of red envelopes and gold-lettered Spring Festival couplets on the street. For the families of the Yue nationality, there are three kinds of decorations during the Spring Festival: a bunch (or a big one) of budding peach blossoms, a bonsai of kumquat and a "five-fruit pot" filled with fruits of various species. It is said that these three things indicate good luck, peace and prosperity in the New Year.

Wuguopen

Old customsVietnamese people have the custom of standing up banners and eating zongzi on New Year’s Eve. They use a bamboo pole, trim the top bamboo leaves, and hang red banners and wind chimes on it. It is said that the noise made when the wind blows will scare away ghosts. With regard to zongzi, it is necessary to be round and square. The so-called round place is considered as a symbol of joy. Interestingly, this kind of zongzi is very big, usually weighing 2 to 2.5 kilograms.

On the morning of the first day of the lunar new year, every family should worship their ancestors, and at the same time, they should also worship the land, the kitchen god and the ancestors of the hundred artists. Generally, there are zongzi and braised fish as sacrifices. Children should pay New Year greetings to the adults and the elderly at home, and adults will give them lucky money.

Burn incense and worship during the New Year.

In addition, there are many recreational activities, such as singing and dancing, performing plays, dragon and lion dances, etc. However, there are many taboos on the first day of the lunar new year, such as not borrowing things, not collecting debts, not doing farm work and so on. If a family travels, they can choose to visit the New Year’s Fair, such as Guangbo Flower Market, Grapefruit Market and Xingjie Ma Antique Market.

A lively dragon and lion dance team in the street.

[New Year’s Eve]This year’s New Year’s Eve dinner is just eating out. It’s basically the same in recent years. Book a private room in a hotel, and then the family will be happy. Usually, everyone is very busy at work. When taking advantage of the New Year’s Eve dinner, exchange more feelings.

Malaysia: New Year’s Eve hot pot is booming.

New year’s goodsIn Malaysia, the Lunar New Year is a legal holiday for all citizens, and the annual flavor is very strong. Malaysia is a country with relatively complete preservation of Chinese culture in the world, and the celebration customs in cultural festivals have inherited the beauty of Chinese culture for 5,000 years. New Year’s cakes are cakes used by Malaysian Chinese in the New Year. They are essential for offering sacrifices to the gods in the New Year, almost equivalent to the symbol of the New Year, and are essential new year’s goods for the New Year. In addition, Malaysia’s Jiabi, shaped like an egg roll, was originally a traditional cake food of Malays, and later it was subtly integrated into Chinese families and became a necessary festive food for Chinese New Year.

【Old customs]Speaking of Malaysia’s distinctive Spring Festival activities, the first one is of course "fishing for a living". Fishing for fish is a popular New Year custom of Han nationality in Nanyang area, especially in Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia. Colorful raw fish have colorful and brilliant intentions, and the name "fishing raw fish" also means "wind and water" and "fishing more and more prosperous"

Laosheng

Under normal circumstances, local people will also eat potted vegetables, which are made of more than a dozen raw materials through more than a dozen cooking methods, such as frying, frying, burning and boiling. These specially treated potted vegetables are packed in a round basin, which represents round and round.

On the first day of the lunar new year, many relatives will have dinner together. If you are unmarried, you can get a red envelope from your elders.

On the Lantern Festival, people will throw oranges to find a good match. This is the custom of Fujian beauty looking for a husband. Now it has evolved into a New Year’s festival for all people to entertain. On the Lantern Festival, people throw fruits at the sea and lakes, while women throw oranges and men throw bananas for people who are destined to salvage.

Hotpot New Year’s Eve dinner

[New Year’s Eve]In Malaysia, it is a trend to eat hot pot on New Year’s Eve. Putting a burning stove under the table means a prosperous family and a reunion. Put money by the fire and hope everything goes well. The family sat around eating steaming hot pot, expecting a prosperous new year.

If you spend the Spring Festival in Southeast Asian countries, you can talk about your Spring Festival customs, New Year’s Eve dinner and delicious new year’s goods ~

CCTV News:July 25th this year — July 31st is the fourth "Health Promotion Week for the Elderly" in China. The theme of this year is to improve the nutrition and promote the health of the elderly. Various forms have been adopted in various localities to publicize the policies on health services for the elderly and the knowledge of popular science on health for the elderly.

In this elderly health care center in Yanjiao, Sanhe, Hebei Province, a monthly elderly health lecture hall is being held, and nutritionists explain health knowledge to the elderly.

Zhejiang has carried out the "Five Actions" of health services for the elderly in view of their visual function, oral health, nutritional status, cognitive function and wisdom to help the elderly, so as to improve their health management level. In Xilong Township, Anji County, in addition to routine physical examination items, residents over 65 years old also enjoy physical examination services such as thyroid function and tumor markers.

　　　　　　 The team of family doctors in Wenjiang District of Chengdu provides free health services for more than 1,500 disabled and semi-disabled elderly people over 65 years old in the whole district. Guo Fuze, a 77-year-old resident, had a sudden cerebral infarction seven years ago, and his lower body was paralyzed, so he couldn’t take care of himself. Family doctors came to his house regularly for health examination and rehabilitation training.

People often say that "people get old when they are old", and the most prominent aging of both legs is the aging of the knee joint. The incidence of knee arthritis in China is about 8%, and the prevalence rate of people over 75 years old is 80%.

In the orthopedic clinic of Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, about 60% of the patients who came to see the doctor were knee arthritis.

The knee joint is the largest and most complicated joint in the human body. When we walk on the ground, go up and down the stairs and squat, it is mainly the knee joint that plays a role. The time of knee joint pain symptoms is generally earlier than other joints.

Sun Fenglong, Director of the Second Department of Orthopaedics, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University:It has the best stability, and it also has the best flexibility, so this knee joint is very complicated in structure at first, so this complex organ is prone to many problems, the most common first sports injury, and second, from the perspective of middle-aged and elderly people, its gradual degradation process is a process of cartilage degeneration and arthritis.

　　　　　　 The symptoms of knee arthritis include joint pain, limited joint activity, joint deformity, joint swelling, muscle atrophy and so on. The prevalence rate of people over 65 years old is about 50%, and the prevalence rate of people over 75 years old is as high as 80%. There is no significant difference between male and female in mild patients. Among severe patients over 60 years old, the incidence rate of women is higher than that of men.

According to the doctor, there are some misunderstandings in the prevention and treatment of knee arthritis at present, such as low rate of seeing a doctor and low compliance, etc. So how to prevent and care the knee joint scientifically in daily life? Come and listen to the doctor.

Some patients think that knee arthritis is a minor illness, and they did not seek medical treatment in time, which led to more and more serious conditions.

The doctor reminded that at present, there is no medicine that can reverse the pathological changes of patients with knee arthritis. As long as the articular cartilage has not returned to normal, the pain will reappear and the condition will further deteriorate. Experts remind that incorrect exercise will increase the friction and load of joints and aggravate arthritis.

Sun Fenglong, Director of the Second Department of Orthopaedics, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University:The first one is climbing the mountain, the second one is dancing, and the third one is boxing. These three kinds of sports are very prone to cartilage damage because they often require the knee joint to be in a semi-flexion state, which has great wear on the patella joint and the inner and outer sides of the whole joint.

Walking, swimming, cycling and other moderate aerobic exercises are helpful to maintain joint function, and patients with mild knee arthritis should exercise leg muscles.

In this bustling international metropolis-Shanghai, there are a group of special groups living. They shuttle between high-rise buildings every day and are busy with various business activities and social occasions. They are the white-collar professionals in this city. White-collar workers in Shanghai are famous for their unique professional attitudes, lifestyles and close ties with urban development.

In Shanghai, the work pressure of white-collar workers is enormous. Every morning, when the first ray of sunshine shines on the streets of this city, countless white-collar workers have embarked on the journey to work. They either take the subway and are squeezed into "sardines" in crowded carriages; Or travel by car and wait anxiously on the congested road. After entering the office, they began a busy and intense day. Faced with a mountain of documents, endless meetings and endless projects, they often need to work overtime until late at night. However, even if they are physically and mentally exhausted, they still maintain a high degree of professionalism and professionalism, and strive to complete every task.

This high-intensity work pressure makes many white-collar workers have to sacrifice their personal lives. For them, weekends are often not a time to rest and relax, but a day to deal with work, attend training courses or socialize with customers. In this state for a long time, many white-collar workers have health problems, such as insomnia, anxiety and depression. But even so, they still insist on gritting their teeth, because they know that in this highly competitive society, only by making more efforts can they get better career development opportunities.

White-collar workers in Shanghai are not just working machines. They are busy, but also have a colorful lifestyle. After work, they will invite three or five friends to the bar for a drink to release the pressure at work; Or walk into the cinema and enjoy an audio-visual feast; I will also go to the gym to sweat and keep healthy. On weekends, they will participate in various interest groups or outdoor activities, such as photography, mountaineering, cycling, etc., to enrich their spare time. These seemingly simple activities not only free them from intense work, but also provide them with opportunities to communicate and learn from others, making their lives more substantial and meaningful.

Besides work and entertainment, white-collar workers in Shanghai also attach great importance to their own growth and development. They actively participate in various training courses and industry seminars to continuously improve their professional skills and knowledge. In this era of information explosion, they understand that only by continuous learning can they keep pace with the times and not be eliminated by society. At the same time, they are also keen to read all kinds of books, from literature and art to science and technology, and extensively dabble in various fields of knowledge to enrich their connotations and horizons.

In Shanghai, a vibrant city, the lifestyle of white-collar workers is closely linked to social changes. With the development of economy and social progress, people’s material living standards are constantly improving, and the demand for spiritual culture is also growing. White-collar workers pursue not only material satisfaction, but also spiritual prosperity. They began to pay attention to social issues such as environmental protection and public welfare undertakings, and actively participated in various volunteer activities to contribute their own strength to society. This change in values reflects people’s yearning and pursuit for a better life in modern society.

In the pursuit of career success, white-collar workers in Shanghai are also facing many challenges and puzzles. How to maintain physical and mental health under high-intensity work pressure? How to balance family and personal life in busy work? These problems have been bothering them. In order to find the answer, they keep exploring and trying to find a lifestyle that suits them.

Some white-collar workers choose to slow down and return to family life. They realize that the companionship and support of family members is the cornerstone of their career success. Therefore, they will try their best to spend time with their families and spend warm time together. Some white-collar workers choose to quit their jobs and pursue their dreams. They believe that only when they do what they love can they truly realize the value of life.

White-collar workers in Shanghai have shown their perseverance and positive attitude in this international metropolis. While pursuing career success, they are constantly exploring how to balance the relationship between personal life and work. Their stories are not only about the course of personal struggle and growth, but also about the vivid portrayal of the influence of social changes on people’s values. Through their experiences, we have seen the challenges and opportunities faced by modern urbanites in the fast-paced life, and also felt their yearning and pursuit for a better life. I hope everyone who works hard in the city can find their own balance in their busy work and live a full and happy life.

In the workshop of Shandong Junfu Nonwoven Fabric Co., Ltd., workers are processing non-woven fabrics for masks. (Tonglian photo, provided by the interviewed enterprises)

　　From the usual 20 thousand yuan/ton, it has risen to more than 300 thousand yuan/ton, and the industry expects it to rise in the future … … Melt-blown non-woven fabrics (hereinafter referred to as melt-blown fabrics), known as the "heart" of masks, have increased their prices by more than 15 times in recent months, forming a very strong seller’s market.

　　During the epidemic period, masks are important protective equipment, and they have become a must-have for first-line medical care, enterprises returning to work, and people traveling, and the market demand has soared. The new production capacity of masks in China has doubled rapidly, and the supply of melt-blown cloth, the core raw material, is in short supply.

　　How scarce are the core raw materials of masks? What is the root cause of the skyrocketing price of meltblown fabrics? A large number of mask production lines have been put into production. Why don’t manufacturers take the opportunity to expand the production capacity of meltblown fabrics? When can we alleviate the shortage of raw materials for masks? With relevant questions, the reporter tracked the upstream industrial chain of masks and investigated key production links such as mask factories, cloth factories and material factories.

　　Tight cloth

　　Melt-blown fabrics are in short supply and their prices are rising rapidly, forming a very strong seller’s market.

　　"Everything is easy to say except meltblown cloth." In a mask supply sharing exchange group, a manufacturer said this.

　　The group brings together more than 100 related manufacturers in the upstream and downstream of the mask industry, and they will exchange information related to masks in the group. Although the prices of materials such as ear straps and nose bridge strips are also rising, the supply is not in short supply. Only meltblown cloth forms a very strong seller’s market.

　　"Recently, the inquiry for meltblown fabrics has quoted at least 200,000 yuan/ton, and it is not unusual for 300,000 to 400,000 yuan. Two weeks ago, we purchased 80,000 yuan/ton, and the highest was 120,000 yuan/ton. " Recently, a Shandong clothing company that switched to masks and other epidemic prevention materials "has no way to find materials". Ding Yan, the person in charge of the company, said that the rapid rise in the price of meltblown fabrics made people unprepared.

　　Melt-blown cloth is the key material to filter viruses for masks, and it can be called the "heart" of medical surgical masks and N95 masks. Medical surgical masks generally adopt multi-layer structure, which is called SMS structure for short: single-layer spunbonded layer (S) on the inside and outside, and single-layer or multi-layer meltblown layer (M) in the middle, and meltblown cloth is the best material for the meltblown layer.

　　Without meltblown cloth, we can only "let the machine wait for the cloth" Qingdao Hainuo Bioengineering Co., Ltd. owns two production lines of medical surgical masks and one production line of civil masks. They once reported to the local government that some production lines had to stop production because of the shortage of raw materials and the unavailability of goods.

　　"Meltblown fabrics that meet medical standards can’t be bought now," said the person in charge of Sheng Da Medical Hygiene Materials Co., Ltd., whose inventory of meltblown fabrics can only be used until the beginning of March. The company now has a mask production line, and two new lines will arrive at the factory in early March, when the daily demand for meltblown fabrics will increase from the current 80 to 90 kilograms to about 200 kilograms. If meltblown fabrics can’t be purchased, the new lines will be difficult to put into production. At present, the company has reported the demand information to government departments, hoping to solve the problem of medical meltblown cloth gap in the near future.

　　A flood of demand

　　On the demand side of melt-blown fabrics, the number of masks has increased greatly, and some manufacturers are looking for materials everywhere to raise the price of fabrics.

　　According to the introduction of the National Development and Reform Commission, the current capacity utilization rate of masks in China has reached 110%. As of February 29th, the daily capacity of masks in China has reached 110 million, and the daily output has reached 116 million. At present, 30 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities except Tibet have successively set up new mask production lines, and at the same time, new mask production lines will be put into production. The person in charge of China Textile Business Association said that in the future, the market demand for meltblown fabrics will further increase.

　　In order to alleviate the shortage of masks, it has become an important way for non-mask manufacturers to become mask manufacturers. At present, many governments have opened up green channels to speed up examination and approval, and encouraged enterprises related to the industrial chain to switch to emergency production. Based on industrial and commercial registration’s changed information, from January 1st to February 7th, more than 3,000 enterprises in China added "masks, protective clothing, disinfectant, thermometers and medical devices" to their business scope.

　　In the "Docking Zone for Production Process of Key Medical Prevention and Control Materials" launched by the State Council Client applet on February 21st, the reporter saw that most enterprises are seeking the supply of meltblown cloth.

　　The reporter found that the recent surge in cloth prices was mainly reflected by small and medium-sized mask factories and new mask factories that had just changed production. The relevant person in charge of the Shandong Provincial Department of Industry and Information Technology said that the price of masks is high, and the production of masks is profitable. Coupled with the initiative of local governments, many enterprises have switched to masks, and the demand for raw materials has increased greatly, and the supply is not enough.

　　In order to ensure the supply of epidemic prevention materials in the first line of medical care, the national and local industry and information departments have formulated a number of key enterprises to ensure materials. The production of these mask factories and cloth factories is monitored by the government, and the sales are dispatched by the government, and the price increase is relatively controllable. However, people in the industry believe that there are a large number of mask factories that have emerged recently, and there are no stable suppliers. They can only look for raw materials everywhere, and they will not hesitate to buy materials.

　　A restless supply of goods

　　At the supply end of meltblown cloth, there are small factories sitting on the ground, and at the circulation end of meltblown cloth, there are middlemen who take the opportunity to earn the difference.

　　Walking into the factory of Shandong Junfu Nonwoven Fabric Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as Shandong Junfu) located in Dongying City, Shandong Province, the reporter saw a busy scene. It is reported that they have been working overtime since receiving the notice from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology on January 27, and all 10 production lines are producing at full capacity 24 hours a day. The daily output of meltblown cloth produced by Shandong Junfu is about 13 tons, accounting for 1/10 of the whole country. According to the scheduling of the state and relevant departments, it is mainly supplied to downstream enterprises in Hubei and Shandong.

　　There are not many large-scale manufacturers that can produce meltblown fabrics in China. The industry has been lacking attention for a long time, showing a tepid situation, and the industry as a whole has shown a small and scattered situation. At present, the domestic meltblown cloth production capacity is mainly distributed in a few provinces and cities such as Shandong, Guangdong, Zhejiang and Jiangsu.

　　At the supply end of meltblown cloth, the price increase of large cloth factories is not large under the control of the government, but some small factories sit on the ground and start at the price.

　　"The usual price of meltblown cloth is about 20,000 yuan/ton, and now our price is 100,000 yuan/ton. Because of our price reduction, local small cloth factories dare not raise prices, but in some provinces and regions lacking leading enterprises, small cloth factories raise prices for each other, and the prices are all above 200,000 yuan/ton. Many small mask factories want to use our materials and ask the local government to coordinate. I receive two or three hundred calls a day. " Huang Wensheng, general manager of Shandong Junfu, said.

　　A person in charge of a mask factory in Xiantao, Hubei Province said that at present, the local price of meltblown cloth in Xiantao is about 200,000 yuan/ton, while the price before the epidemic was about 22,000 yuan/ton; According to the manufacturer of meltblown cloth in Nantong, Jiangsu, in order to make the mask production line run normally, some mask factories offered high prices to buy meltblown cloth.

　　Many small cloth factories that are not included in the supply list of mask raw materials have raised prices seriously. Lin Youqiang, the person in charge of a mask manufacturer in Shandong, said that meltblown cloth enterprises with stable customers at ordinary times should not raise prices arbitrarily to maintain customer relations; A group of enterprises with no stable partners and poor management in the past maliciously raised their prices, hoping to make a quick sum of money.

　　According to industry insiders, some meltblown cloth suppliers are quite "strong" in the market, not only issuing less or no invoices for delivery, but also requiring downstream factories to use "hard currency" masks to offset the payment at a discount, and to add cash.

　　At the circulation end of meltblown cloth, there are middlemen who take the opportunity to earn the difference.

　　A small and medium-sized enterprise owner who switched to production of masks told reporters that in some WeChat groups where mask raw material resources are connected, middlemen arbitrarily charge high prices. "They opened their mouths and offered a high price of 300,000 to 300,000 yuan per ton, taking advantage of our lack of goods to rush production, and often said ‘ If necessary, transfer the money quickly. You don’t want people to get the goods ’ , create ‘ Seconds rise and kill ’ The tension. "

　　The relevant person in charge of the Industrial and Information Bureau of a city in Shandong Province said that many people hoard goods and sell them upside down, and the price is greatly increased. Many meltblown fabrics stay in the warehouse and circulation, waiting for the price increase, and supply and demand cannot match well.

　　A handsome profit

　　The reporter learned that the amazing profit of masks is an important reason why mask factories are willing to buy meltblown fabrics at high prices.

　　An insider calculated a cost account for the reporter: 1 ton of meltblown cloth can make 1 million medical surgical masks. If the meltblown fabric sells for 200,000/ton, the fabric price only accounts for 0.2 yuan in the cost of a mask. At present, the price of masks allocated by the government from Shandong is about 1.5 yuan each, and 0.2 yuan is subsidized; Each of Beijing is about 4 yuan, and each of Shanghai and Hubei is about 3 yuan. Although the cost of logistics, labor and melt-blown polypropylene has doubled recently, it also accounts for a small proportion in the price of masks.

　　On the other hand, the demand for masks has increased greatly, and some enterprises anxious to return to work do not care about the price of raw materials, which has pushed up the price of masks. "Recently, there has been a wave of enterprises returning to work all over the country. The state requires enterprises to distribute protective equipment such as masks for their employees. If each employee of each enterprise uses a mask a day, this is an astronomical figure." Lin Youqiang said.

　　According to the data of the fourth national economic census, the total employment population of domestic legal entities and self-employed households is as high as 533 million, and at least 533 million masks are needed every day based on one mask per person per day. Compared with the current daily production capacity, the mask gap is huge, and the profit margin can be imagined.

　　Awkward "thin waist"

　　The production capacity of enterprises related to the mask industry chain is "gourd-shaped", which is one of the root causes of the shortage of meltblown cloth.

　　Yu Xiaoning, chairman of Shandong Daoen Group, said that the downstream mask factory is growing rapidly at present, and the national production capacity has increased by about 2 times in the last month, which is the "bottom of the gourd"; The production capacity of meltblown fabrics in the middle reaches grows slowly, and the number of manufacturers is small due to the small structural influence of the previous market, which is "the waist of gourd"; The leading enterprises producing melt-blown polypropylene in the upstream have expanded their production rapidly, which can basically meet the downstream demand for melt-blown materials. This is the "upper end of the gourd". Take Dawn Group as an example, the company has received orders for the next two months, and the daily production capacity of melt-blown materials has expanded from about 85 tons to about 200 tons now.

　　This embarrassing "thin waist" has become a "bottleneck" that restricts downstream production expansion.

　　The reporter’s investigation found that behind the bottleneck of melt-blown cloth production capacity is the difficulty and long time of production line expansion.

　　Yu Xiaoning and other people in the industry said that compared with the mask production line, the investment is small, the technical content is not high, the reproduction is fast, and the operation is easy. The production technology of meltblown cloth is high, and the quality of meltblown cloth directly determines the quality of masks. The production line investment of the cloth factory is tens of millions of yuan, and the equipment manufacturing and installation are much more complicated than the mask production device, and the requirements for the factory building are higher, and special training is needed for the staff.

　　At present, there are not many domestic manufacturers providing complete sets of production equipment and key components of meltblown fabrics, and the production of core components such as spinneret and spinneret die is still far from foreign manufacturers, and the delivery cycle and assembly time of imported equipment are relatively long. "The import delivery cycle of dies and spinnerets takes four to six months. Domestic molds can be delivered in two months, but this kind of mold with short delivery time can’t make high-end medical products. " Huang Wensheng said.

　　The procurement cycle of parts for several months limits the delivery capacity of meltblown fabric equipment, making it difficult to put it on the market overnight like a mask machine. It is understood that some enterprises that sell complete sets of melt-blown cloth production equipment are using inventory to quickly assemble new production lines. But the design, processing and debugging of a complete production line will take about two or three months.

　　A supplier of meltblown cloth production equipment in Zhejiang said that the production line of meltblown cloth was really introduced, and perhaps the peak demand brought by the epidemic had already passed. This kind of worry has prevented many investors from entering this field. The market scale of meltblown cloth is not large. Once the epidemic situation is over, the competitive pressure of meltblown cloth manufacturers will be very great.

　　Capacity to be tapped

　　Insiders pointed out that it is urgent to strengthen the overall planning of industrial chain, tap the potential of related enterprises and leading enterprises, and maximize the production capacity of meltblown fabrics.

　　Experts believe that in order to solve the problem that the supply of raw materials such as meltblown cloth in the mask industry chain is in short supply, the following measures can be taken to ensure the supply and price stability:

　　First, promote similar technology enterprises to switch production and supply mask materials.

　　According to the statistics of China Industrial Textile Industry Association, the production technology of China nonwovens industry is mainly spunbonded. In 2018, the output of spunbonded nonwovens was 2,971,200 tons, accounting for 50% of the total nonwoven production, which was mainly used in sanitary materials and other fields; However, the proportion of meltblown process is only 0.9%, and the output of meltblown nonwovens is 53,500 tons/year. These meltblown fabrics are not only used for masks, but also for environmental protection materials, clothing materials, battery diaphragm materials, wiping materials and so on.

　　Huang Wensheng said that enterprises that produce automotive sound insulation cotton, meltblown thermal insulation cotton, meltblown oil-absorbing cotton and other materials can switch to special filter materials for mask protection, and the annual production capacity of these enterprises is about 150,000 tons. It is understood that BYD, Changan Automobile, BAIC, SAIC and other automobile manufacturers have been taking advantage of the industrial chain to mobilize the supporting manufacturers of sound-absorbing cotton to transform the original production line of meltblown cloth and transform the production of special filter materials for masks.

　　Second, take the central enterprises as the leader and speed up the production line related to meltblown cloth.

　　The relevant person in charge of the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission said that the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission attaches great importance to the changes in the supply chain and industrial chain of domestic epidemic prevention materials and guides central enterprises to take the initiative to make up for shortcomings.

　　Because polypropylene, the raw material of melt-blown cloth, is taken from petroleum, petrochemical enterprises have advantages in producing melt-blown cloth. China Petrochemical Company has invested about 200 million yuan to build 10 melt-blown cloth production lines in Yanshan Petrochemical Company in Beijing and Yizheng Chemical Fiber Company in Jiangsu Province. After all the production, the daily output can reach 12 tons of N95 mask melt-blown cloth or 18 tons of medical flat mask melt-blown cloth, which can be processed into 18 million medical flat masks.

　　Third, strengthen government regulation and control to ensure the balance of upstream and downstream supply.

　　Lei Limin, vice president of China Textile Business Association, said that at present, the production situation of mask industry chain enterprises is complicated and information communication is not smooth, so it is difficult to know the real-time situation of the return to work rate and the newly put into production line. The industry believes that the mask industry chain is characterized by "marketization of upstream raw materials and administration of downstream masks", and the contradiction between market mechanism and plan management is constantly emerging. It is recommended to take administrative measures to properly intervene and straighten out the connection.

　　Yu Xiaoning said that in the face of the epidemic, the overall decision-making from the central government to the local government has solved many problems for the development of the industry. The next step is to strengthen the overall planning of the industrial chain, form an organic combination of government, industry associations and enterprises, and use big data to make comprehensive statistics on the number, distribution, production capacity and production capacity under construction of mask factories, cloth factories and raw material factories. In the extraordinary period, entrepreneurs should organize all kinds of production work well, at the same time, they should improve their consciousness from the overall height and cooperate with the government’s dispatch, which not only completes the epidemic prevention task, but also makes the market develop more orderly.

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