Jing Huan Fa [2023] No.18

All relevant units:

　　In order to thoroughly implement the Opinions of General Office of the State Council on Further Standardizing the Establishment and Management of Administrative Discretion Benchmarks (Guo Ban Fa [2022] No.27) and the Implementation Opinions of Beijing Leading Group Office for Promoting Administration by Law on Further Standardizing the Establishment and Management of Administrative Discretion Benchmarks (Jing Yi Administration Fa [2023] No.4), and standardize the implementation of the administrative licensing discretion benchmark system, According to the Environmental Protection Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC), the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Environmental Impact Assessment and other laws and regulations, and in combination with the actual work of environmental impact assessment supervision in this Municipality, the Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment has studied and formulated the Benchmark of Beijing General Construction Project Environmental Impact Assessment Approval Discretion, which is hereby issued.

　　One,The eco-environmental departments of all districts (including the Administrative Examination and Approval Bureau of Beijing Economic and Technological Development Zone), as well as the Management Committee of Beijing City Sub-center and the Management Committee of Beijing Daxing International Airport Airport Airport Economic Zone (Daxing), which undertake the responsibility of environmental impact assessment and approval, may refer to the relevant requirements of this notice to examine and approve the environmental impact assessment documents of construction projects.

　　Second,This notice shall be implemented as of the date of issuance, and the Notice of Beijing Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment on Standardizing the Examination and Approval Items of Environmental Impact Assessment of Construction Projects (Jing Huan Fa [2021] No.11) shall be abolished at the same time.

　　I hereby inform you.

Beijing Municipal Bureau of Ecological Environment　　　　

November 17, 2023　　

Benchmark of Beijing General Construction Project Environmental Impact Assessment Approval Discretion

　　I. Basic elements

　　1. Name of administrative licensing item: environmental impact assessment and approval of general construction projects.

　　Step 2 Set the basis

　　(1) Article 19 of People’s Republic of China (PRC) Environmental Protection Law

　　(2) Article 3 of the Environmental Impact Assessment Law of the People’s Republic of China

　　(3) Article 19 of People’s Republic of China (PRC) Water Pollution Prevention Law

　　(4) Article 18 of the Air Pollution Prevention Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC).

　　(5) Article 18 of the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on Prevention and Control of Soil Pollution.

　　(6) Article 17 of the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Waste.

　　(7) Article 24 of People’s Republic of China (PRC) Noise Pollution Prevention Law.

　　(8) Article 6 of Regulations on Environmental Protection Management of Construction Projects

　　3. Exercise hierarchy

　　The basis for the division of authority at the municipal and district levels:

　　(1) Decision of Beijing Municipal People’s Government on Exercising Part of Administrative Power and Handling Part of Public Services by the Management Committee of Beijing Economic and Technological Development Zone (Beijing Zhengfa [2019] No.23)

　　(2) Decision of Beijing Municipal People’s Government on the Administration Committee of Airport Economic Zone (Daxing) of Beijing Daxing International Airport and relevant departments of Daxing District Government to exercise some administrative powers to handle some public service matters (J.F.F. [2020] No.22).

　　(3) Decision of the Beijing Municipal People’s Government on the exercise of a number of municipal administrative powers by some key functional area management agencies and relevant departments of the district government (No.27 [2021] of Beijing Municipality)

　　(4) Catalogue of Construction Projects under the Management Authority of Environmental Impact Assessment Documents of Beijing Bureau of Ecology and Environment (2022 edition) (Notice No.7 of Beijing Bureau of Ecology and Environment, 2022)

　　(5) Decision of Beijing Municipal People’s Government on the exercise of a number of municipal administrative powers by some key functional area management agencies and relevant departments of the district government (Beijing Zhengfa [2023] No.4)

　　Second, the licensing conditions

　　1. The type of construction project and its location, layout and scale are in compliance with environmental protection laws and regulations and relevant statutory plans;

　　2. If the environmental quality of the region does not meet the national or local environmental quality standards, the measures to be taken by the construction project can meet the requirements of regional environmental quality improvement target management;

　　3. The pollution prevention measures adopted by the construction project can ensure that the pollutant discharge reaches the national and local discharge standards, and take necessary measures to prevent and control ecological damage;

　　4 renovation, expansion and technical transformation projects put forward effective prevention and control measures for the original environmental pollution and ecological damage of the project;

　　5. The basic data of the environmental impact report and the environmental impact report form of the construction project are true, and there are no major defects or omissions in the content, and the conclusion of the environmental impact assessment is clear and reasonable;

　　6. The construction project conforms to the industrial policies of the state and this Municipality and the requirements related to cleaner production, and the industrial construction project adopts cleaner production technology with less energy and material consumption and less pollution, and makes rational use of natural resources;

　　7. Construction projects take measures to control the discharge of major pollutants, and the discharge of pollutants meets the requirements of the state and this Municipality for total pollutant control.

　　Third, the application materials

　　1. Application for approval of environmental impact assessment documents of construction projects;

　　2 construction project environmental impact report (table);

　　3 on the construction project environmental impact assessment documents to delete the information should not be disclosed;

　　4. Description of public participation (environmental impact statement project);

　　5. Complete environmental impact report (form) (publicity draft);

　　6. Letter of Commitment for Informing Environmental Impact Assessment (Informing the project for approval).

　　Iv. Intermediary service (optional)

　　1. Name of intermediary service: preparation of environmental impact report of construction project (table)

　　2. Set the basis for intermediary services

　　(1) Article 19 of the Environmental Impact Assessment Law of the People’s Republic of China

　　(2) Article 13 of Regulations on Environmental Protection Management of Construction Projects

　　3. Agency providing intermediary services: technical unit of environmental impact assessment.

　　4. The charging nature of intermediary services: operating service charges (market-adjusted prices).

　　V. Examination and approval procedures

　　1. The applicant’s application;

　　2. Acceptance/rejection by the examination and approval authority;

　　3. Accepting publicity;

　　4. Technical assessment (carried out in some cases);

　　5. On-site inspection (carried out in some cases);

　　6. Examination by the examination and approval authority;

　　7. To review the publicity;

　　8. Hearing (in some cases);

　　9. Approval/disapproval by the examination and approval authority;

　　10. Announcement of approval decision.

　　VI. Time limit for examination and approval

　　1. Time limit for acceptance: 1 working day.

　　2. Legal time limit for examination and approval: 60 working days for the environmental impact report and 30 working days for the environmental impact report form.

　　3. Time limit for commitment approval: 29 working days for environmental impact report and 14 working days for environmental impact report form.

　　VII. Charges

　　Is there any charge for handling administrative license? No.

　　Eight, license

　　1. Name of approval result: approval document of environmental impact report (form) of construction project.

　　2. Validity period of examination and approval results: long term (projects that have not started construction for five years need to be re-examined).

　　3. Do you need to go through the formalities for changing the approval result? No.

　　4. Do you need to go through the formalities for renewal of approval results? No.

　　IX. Quantitative restrictions

　　without

　　X. Annual Inspection Report

　　1. Is there any annual inspection requirement: None.

　　2. Is there an annual report requirement: None.

　　XI. Inadmissibility

　　1. Conditions of inadmissibility

　　(1) If the application does not need to obtain an administrative license according to law, it shall immediately inform the applicant that it will not be accepted;

　　(2) If the application matters do not fall within the scope of functions and powers of the administrative organ according to law, it shall immediately make a decision not to accept it, and inform the applicant to apply to the relevant administrative organ.

　　2. Inadmissible implementation procedures

　　Issue a written certificate of inadmissibility stamped with the special seal of the ecological environment department and dated.

　　XII. Others

　　Other aspects of environmental impact assessment and approval of general construction projects involving administrative licensing shall be implemented in accordance with the Administrative Licensing Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC).

Editor’s Note: Spring Festival, the traditional "New Year Festival" in China, is not only the most emotional traditional festival in China, but also the most vivid embodiment of the Chinese nation’s values and aesthetic pursuit. In 2019, when the Spring Festival of Jihai is coming, the Buddhist channel of Phoenix.com launched the specially planned "Happy Year of the Heart and Pig: He Xinchun, a global monk", inviting the global monks to record a blessing video and send the warmest wishes to Chinese people around the world. This video is a blessing video sent by Master Zong Zhou, the abbot of Duobaojiang Temple in Shangyu.

Master Zong Zhou’s blessing written record: Dear Phoenix netizens, hello everyone! The old year is about to pass, and the new year is coming. In this new year, our life is like water in the desert. After a day, it will only decrease, not increase. Then we won’t waste it and dump it in the desert. Of course, if we don’t waste it, but always take it out of the desert and don’t drink it, it’s also a waste.

I wish you all the best in the new year. What we need most is our relatives around us, and our closest relatives are our parents. I hope we can devote this precious person to them generously, listen to their voices more and share our happiness with them more. In this way, we will get the greatest happiness with our parents.

Let us in the new year, everything can get the blessing of the three treasures, and everything is auspicious. I wish you all good luck in the day, good luck in the night and good luck at six o’clock in the day and night. Amitabha!

Master Zongzhou also prepared 15 copies of organic rice for everyone to become attached to. If you want to get it, come and participate!

Participation mode:

1. Wechat: Forward this message to a circle of friends, collect 20 likes, and send a screenshot to Wechat WeChat official account "Consciousness" to get it.

2. Weibo: Pay attention to Weibo’s "Phoenix Net Chinese Buddhism" and forward the video of Master Zong Zhou’s blessing, so that you can get it.

3, headline number: pay attention to the headline number Phoenix. com Chinese Buddhism, and forward the video of Master Zong Zhou’s blessing, that is, you have the opportunity to get it.

Welcome to pay attention to the official WeChat WeChat official account "Awakening" of Fenghuang. com, and be a disseminator of wisdom!

Original SME SME technology story

Chemical plant explosions have occurred frequently at home and abroad, which is frightening.

One to two, people have a fear of dangerous chemicals.

But life is always inseparable from chemistry, and even the fertilizer used in the cultivation of essential grain may be explosive and dangerous goods. Ammonium nitrate is a commonly used agricultural fertilizer, but it is also the "culprit" that caused the worst industrial disaster in American history.

Smoke billowing from the explosion in the worst industrial disaster in American history.

This chemical with the word "nitrate" as the head is always disturbing.

Perhaps it is because they are often known together with explosions. For example, trinitrotoluene, the main component of TNT explosives, is made by nitration of toluene.

The great power of TNT has long been recognized. A Grenade thrown on the battlefield killed and injured a large area only contains 50 grams of TNT, and 14 kilograms of TNT can destroy a football field.

As early as the mid-19th century, Swedish engineers applied for a patent to support mixed explosives with ammonium nitrate and other combustion improvers.

Ammonium nitrate has since become a widely used raw material for industrial explosives.

A quarter pound TNT Grenade

Although ammonium nitrate can be used as an explosive, pure ammonium nitrate without combustion improver is actually the most difficult nitric explosive to detonate.

It does not burn by itself at room temperature, and ammonium nitrate is extremely insensitive to impact.

The experimental study shows that the 50kg hammer falls on solid ammonium nitrate from a height of 50cm, and its explosion probability is 0;

Compared with the famous explosive nitroglycerin, a 200g hammer can be detonated 100% when it falls from a height of 20cm.

At the same time, ammonium nitrate has a high nitrogen concentration and stable performance, so people often use it as a nitrogen-containing fertilizer.

Nitrogen fertilizer is mainly helpful to improve the yield and quality of crops.

As everyone knows, ammonium nitrate fertilizer, which made people relax their vigilance, triggered a sudden compound disaster of land, sea and air.

Ammonium nitrate fertilizer

After World War II, although the United States won the war, most areas fell into the post-war economic depression.

However, the southern city of Texas is a different story.

This coastal city is busy day and night, with chemical plants and oil refineries running nonstop, and there are endless cargo ships in the port.

At that time, Texas was praised as a "port of opportunity" by major American media and newspapers, and it was the core of industrial development in the South.

This prosperity made the whole country envy, but soon, the prosperous industrial development also brewed a small Mars that destroyed everything.

By 1947, about 2,500 ships visited the ports in Texas every year, and even Monsanto opened a chemical plant in the town.

On April 16th, the wharf began to operate before dawn as usual, but it was a special day recorded in American industrial history.

There is a cargo ship, the Grand Camp, moored beside the port. This French cargo ship has been staying for five days.

The ship is loaded with some oilfield equipment, drill pipes, hemp ropes and weapons and ammunition shipped from Belgium.

And its main "passenger" is actually 2300 tons of ammonium nitrate fertilizer.

At 8 o’clock in the morning, the crew was carrying the few remaining bags of ammonium nitrate into the cabin, when a smell of smoke caught their attention.

They looked intently and saw that the smoke seemed to be coming from the No.4 cabin where fertilizer was piled up.

Perhaps some ignorant crew member or docker ignored the no-smoking sign and smoked on the ship, which caused the fire.

The fire quickly spread to the deck and hull surface, and the smoke became bigger and bigger.

The crew quickly picked up fire extinguishers and fire pipes to put out the fire, and more than 20 firefighters arrived in time.

Seeing that the fire did not decrease, it became more and more intense, and the crew came up with another fire extinguishing method.

Rescuers stopped using water to put out the fire, but sealed the warehouse with slats and covered it with tarpaulins;

Then the high-temperature steam is introduced into the cabin, and it is intended to squeeze out the oxygen in the cabin in this form.

In this way, without one of the three elements of combustion, combustion can not continue.

This method was a common fire fighting method for cargo ships at that time, and the captain also mixed selfishness in it-reducing the loss caused by the wet goods.

* Note: Material combustion requires three elements: combustion improver, combustible and temperature reaching the ignition point. Among them, oxygen is the most common combustion promoter.

People never expected that this method was really good, but it was equivalent to adding fuel to the fire for the cargo ship transporting ammonium nitrate.

More terrible than the fire of ammonium nitrate is the explosion.

Although ammonium nitrate is resistant to impact, it is very fragile in the face of high temperature.

When the temperature reaches about 165℃ or comes into contact with an open flame, solid ammonium nitrate will rapidly decompose to produce nitrous oxide and water vapor.

Nitrous oxide will also be converted into oxygen at high temperature, and the gas that rescuers tried their best to remove reappeared.

At this time, the reaction brewing in the air is not just as simple as burning.

The high temperature and high pressure environment created by firefighters made the warehouse a closed container to accelerate the explosion reaction.

People didn’t know anything about it at that time, only to find that even with powerful rescue forces, the fire was still too big to control.

At 8: 30, the captain ordered to abandon the Grand Camp and bear the loss of all the goods.

However, he was only distressed to lose a ship and cargo, but he didn’t expect the fire to turn into a bigger disaster.

At 9: 12, a loud bang from the port made almost the whole city tremble.

A fireball went straight into the sky and turned the sky red. Thick smoke soared to an altitude of 610 meters and spread everywhere. Part of the hull melted into pieces and jetted out of the dock.

Two planes accidentally flew over at this time and were directly destroyed and fell.

The explosion near the wharf caused the 160km water body in Fiona Fang to be choppy, which triggered a tsunami, and set off waves as high as 4.5m, hitting the land.

Even Houston, 40 kilometers north of Texas, felt a violent vibration, and the window glass of some houses was directly shattered.

This has become a major disaster facing the sea, land and air in all directions.

In the sudden explosion, none of the first firefighters who entered the rescue survived.

Nearby residents took refuge at home with trepidation, but they still could not escape the surging tsunami.

The fire that continues the explosion is still going on, which makes people afraid to get close.

The busy Texas dock is not a harbor of the Grand Camp, but dense cargo ships and chemical plants and refineries along the coast have become another hidden danger.

Just 15 hours after the explosion, people have not recovered from it, and the second explosion happened.

A large number of chemical plants and refineries are densely distributed.

On the coast 200 meters away from the Grand Camp, there is also a cargo ship named Success.

This cargo ship also contains nearly 1000 tons of ammonium nitrate and 180 tons of sulfur.

The explosion and fire extended to the USS Success, bringing a second thrilling explosion.

The explosion triggered a series of chain reactions, and nearby freighters and factories exploded one after another.

Successive disasters eventually killed 581 people and injured more than 3,500 people. At that time, more than a quarter of the population in Texas was killed or injured in the disaster.

Thousands of residential buildings and commercial buildings were destroyed by the tsunami, and 1,100 docks were damaged.

At that time, the prosperous capital and industrial city of Texas lost about $100 million (equivalent to more than $1 billion now).

This is the worst disaster in American industrial history, and the reasons behind it are complicated and strange.

First of all, there was a small fire in the cabin for reasons that have not been clear so far.

Then rescuers used self-defeating fire fighting methods, which eventually aggravated the explosion.

At the same time, the government regulatory agencies themselves have many loopholes.

In the era of post-war economic recovery, the industrial process has become the most important thing beyond laws and policies, and managers can only ignore the interests.

After the accident, a large-scale funeral was held for the unidentified victims.

At that time, there were about 6,000 fertilizer chemical plants in the United States, but most of them did not report the storage of ammonium nitrate in the Department of Homeland Security, although the inventory was as high as 1,300 times that of the mandatory review.

It is conceivable that the industrial intensive Texas was equivalent to hiding countless stealth bombs at that time, just waiting for an opportunity to detonate.

Once detonated, it will lead to irreparable loss of life and property.

Only in this way can the federal government face up to the audit and supervision of chemical plants and dangerous chemicals.

The government has drawn up new standards and improved the management and transportation system of dangerous chemicals. Enterprises have also established an industrial mutual aid system, and agreed to join hands in the event of danger.

This appalling Texas explosion has become history, and the United States has entered a new era of strict industrial management.

Afterwards, major media rushed to report the accident.

But no matter what era the strict system is put in, there will always be people who exploit loopholes.

Dangerous chemicals such as ammonium nitrate are never kind to those who neglect them.

In 2013, also in Texas, another chemical fertilizer factory exploded.

However, this time, it was no longer because of people’s ignorance that the mistake was made, but the chemical fertilizer plant built a non-compliant ammonia storage tank privately.

Up to 24 tons of anhydrous ammonia accidentally triggered an explosion, killing 35 people.

Sadly, some people were killed innocently in the explosion of ammonium nitrate, and some people deliberately used ammonium nitrate as a weapon for terrorist attacks.

In 2011, a nightclub in Bali exploded. This is a vicious explosion in which 202 people were killed by terrorists using ammonium nitrate.

In 1995, terrorists used ammonium nitrate to make explosives to blow up the federal building.

Chemicals usually have both advantages and disadvantages for human beings.

Ammonium nitrate is a common industrial explosive, but it is also a good fertilizer.

Nitroglycerin, which can be used as an explosive, is also a good medicine for cardiovascular diseases …

People often suffer while using them to achieve certain interests.

However, the progress of human beings lies in that no matter how dangerous the substance is, it can be controlled by human beings and finally serve human beings.

Ammonium nitrate. Wikipedia, June 26, 2019.

MarcLallanilla, LiveScience. What Causes Fertilizer Explosions? ScientificAmerican, 2013.04.18.

1947 TexasCity Disaster. Moore Memorial Publiclibrary.

MichaelBaumann. How a Fertilizer Accident Led to the Deadliest Industrial Disaster inAmerican History. The Ringer, 2017.08.24.

SteveOlafson. The Explosion: 50 Years Later, Texas City still Remembers/’Texas Cityjust blew up’/A powerful chemical explosion 50 years ago propelled a small porttown into an unwelcome national and world spotlight. Chron, 1997.04.13.

Original title: "How terrible is the explosion of ammonium nitrate? A cargo ship full of fertilizer blew up thousands of buildings.

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　　A "flow chart for withdrawing files" has plunged Peking University and Henan Admissions Offices into a whirlpool of public opinion.

　　On the morning of August 15th, the Admissions Office of Henan Province issued a statement saying that it was found that the recruitment staff of a county in Henan Province was negligent, and the information of the candidates’ withdrawal process was taken by others without authorization and spread online. According to the statement, the "flow chart of withdrawing files", which should have been kept confidential during the enrollment process, "unintentionally leaked" due to the negligence of the enrollment staff. At present, the Henan Provincial Admissions Office has interviewed and sent a letter to the relevant departments of the county, requesting further investigation and verification of the situation and handling it according to the rules and regulations.

　　Xiong Bingqi, an educational scholar and vice president of 21st Century Education Research Institute, told The Paper that the "flow chart for withdrawing files" belongs to the internal flow information of enrollment work and should be kept confidential and will not be made public. However, the relevant departments should keep the process information for future reference when enrolling students. In the face of enrollment disputes, it can be viewed by the supervision department or the higher authorities to determine whether the enrollment work is illegal.

　　What punishment should the staff bear for the disclosure of confidential workflow information due to negligence?

　　Xiong Bingqi believes that the staff member may be subject to administrative sanctions. He said that under the current enrollment system, every link of information should be open and transparent, and candidates can question the results of enrollment and ask the enrollment department to know whether the education and examination departments and schools violate the rules according to the public information, so as to safeguard their rights.

　　The Paper found that Article 10 of the Interim Measures for Handling Violations of Enrollment in Ordinary Colleges and Universities published by the Ministry of Education in 2014 stipulates that the enrollment staff may "disclose unpublished candidates’ scores, candidates’ volunteers, admission scores, etc., which may affect the admission of fair information, or disclose or resell candidates’ personal information". The unit to which they belong shall immediately order them to suspend their enrollment work, and the relevant departments shall give corresponding punishment or other treatment according to the seriousness of the case; Anyone suspected of committing a crime shall be transferred to judicial organs for handling according to law.

　　In addition, the data show that the Ministry of Education has previously regulated the possible enrollment violations in colleges and universities by issuing regulations and implementing interim measures.

　　The Ministry of Education pointed out in the "Regulations on Enrollment of Ordinary Colleges and Universities in 2019" issued in March this year that, except for the information that should be publicly disclosed to the public according to regulations, any unit or individual may not provide it to others or disclose it to the public without authorization, and illegal dissemination and sale are strictly prohibited.

　　At the same time, this regulation explains the penalties for violations of laws and regulations in all aspects of college entrance examination registration, examination and admission. Candidates, examination staff and other social personnel who violate the rules in the enrollment, examination, admission and other aspects of college enrollment will be dealt with severely in strict accordance with the procedures and regulations determined by the provisions (measures) of the Criminal Law and the Education Law, and the parties and related personnel will be held accountable according to the law; Anyone suspected of committing a crime shall be promptly transferred to judicial organs for legal responsibility. Those who violate the rules and regulations of public officials will be dealt with seriously in accordance with relevant regulations.

　　In May of this year, the Henan Provincial Department of Education simultaneously issued the relevant regulations on the enrollment of ordinary colleges and universities in 2019.

　　Previously, the Peking University Admissions Committee issued a statement saying that in view of the fact that the "National Special Plan" admission work in Henan Province adopts the method of voluntary filing in order, the two candidates who have retired have reached the admission control scores of the same batch and met the admission conditions, and should be admitted; There are irregularities in the process of withdrawing files, and the reasons for withdrawing files in the admissions office are not established. The Admissions Committee decided to apply for the re-registration of two candidates who had dropped out of the file according to the procedure.

Brand has existed for centuries, and its emergence marks the maturity of the concept of commodity exchange. It can be said that the appearance and development of brand is a social and economic phenomenon and the product of the development of commodity economy to a certain stage.

1. Development history of foreign brands

Brand development in western countries has roughly experienced four periods:

(1) primitive period. Before the invention of movable type printing in 1450, the brand developed in a primitive and unconscious state. However, people have unconsciously applied the concept of brand in business activities. At that time, with the prosperity of economy and the increase of business activities, people began to spread brands by word of mouth.

(2) the germination period. Before the industrial revolution, brand development was in its infancy. At that time, it mainly paid attention to the labeling of products or producers, so it was also called the labeling period. For example, in the western United States, the earliest entrepreneurs (that is, big farmers) branded the company’s logo on the buttocks of animals, and used such an indelible mark to show his ownership of the assets of animals. Since then, the brand has the function of distinguishing from other people’s goods.

(3) growth period. At the end of 18th century and the beginning of 19th century, or after the industrial revolution, western countries experienced rapid economic development, increased products and intensified competition, and brand development entered the growth period or trademark period. The biggest feature of brand development in this period is that enterprises generally attach importance to trademark registration.

The industrial revolution made the machine industry replace manual production, and the manufacturing industry was more developed. In order to strengthen the protection of brands, the trademark system came into being, and brands in the modern sense came into being. Starting with the first car with horizontal bar engine made in Germany in 1886, Coca Cola was born in 1886, Gillette shaver appeared in 1895, Kodak brand was born in 1898, Ford Model T came out in 1908, Boeing brand quietly landed in 1917, Marlboro brand came out in 1924, Nestle coffee came out in 1938, and a number of brands gradually developed and grew.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the earliest legal provisions on trademarks appeared in France. Subsequently, Britain, the United States, Germany and Japan have also promulgated their own trademark laws. Trademark system is popular all over the world, and brands have been recognized and guaranteed by law.

(4) maturity. At the end of 19th century and the beginning of 20th century, the role of brand as an important means of competition gradually emerged. Especially after the Second World War, with the rapid development of science and technology, high technology is widely used in production, enterprise groups are maturing, consumer demand is changing with each passing day, and enterprise competition is unprecedented fierce, thus ushered in the so-called "brand economy" era, and brand development has entered a mature period or brand period. The globalization trend of brand communication is obvious, but it has national characteristics. A large number of brands with unique connotations and advanced concepts have been born, and the research on brands has been deepened day by day. During this period, famous brands such as KFC, McDonald’s, Disney, Toyota, Hitachi, Panasonic and Sony appeared, which has entered the era of brand competition.

2. The development stage of foreign brands

Looking at the development history of foreign brands, it can be summarized into four stages, namely, the formal brand stage, the legal brand stage, the famous brand stage and the commercialized brand stage.

(1) The formalization stage of the brand. In the stage of brand development, the first is the formalization of the brand. From a formal point of view, a brand is a symbol. Since ancient times, people have marked their own livestock with unique marks to distinguish them from other people’s livestock. In English, the word "Brand" means to stamp, indicating the origin and manufacturer of a product or service. In the early days, people widely used formal brands, which started with all kinds of craftsmen marking their products to distinguish them from those made by others. At this stage, when people understand the brand, they only regard it as a form of symbol and mark, so that consumers can distinguish the origin and source of the product through this symbol. This symbol ensures that the product is provided by the same supplier with the same quality and characteristic level, and after the product is sold, it can make the buyer identify the manufacturer of the product and facilitate repair and replacement. This kind of formalized brand also has certain binding force on other product manufacturers, and to some extent, it has played a role in preventing its own products from being counterfeited by others.

(2) The legalization stage of the brand. The significance of brand legalization lies in brand trademark, and brand has become an integral part of intellectual property rights. According to the development of commodity economy and fierce market competition, many western countries have promulgated and promulgated trademark laws and related brand protection regulations, which makes the concept of brand clearly defined in law. Therefore, the brand of goods and services can be protected by law, and the word brand is also reflected in relevant laws. Legalization of brand shows in the legal sense that after the brand is registered, the owner and franchisor of the brand get the protectable property, and can also prevent others from impacting, counterfeiting and hurting. In 1803, France introduced the world’s earliest brand-related law, the Law on Factories, Workshops and Workshops, which defined counterfeiting other people’s trademarks as the crime of forging documents without permission and punished it. The United States began to implement the Federal Trademark Regulations of the United States of America in 1870; Germany also promulgated the Trademark Protection Law in 1874, which made the brand development enter the era of legalization. Brand-related laws that have been recognized and implemented around the world mainly include the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Intellectual Property Rights, which was promulgated and implemented on March 20th, 1883, and the madrid agreement concerning the international registration of marks, which was promulgated and implemented on April 14th, 1891. China is also a member of these two conventions and agreements.

(3) the brand-name stage of the brand. After World War II, great changes have taken place in the world economy, scientific and technological progress has promoted the rapid development of productive forces, people’s material and cultural living standards have been greatly improved, consumers have changed from meeting basic physiological needs to pursuing higher psychologically and spiritually, paying attention to the expression and development of individuality, and there are abundant commodities in the market, and the differences in quality, performance and price of commodities have gradually narrowed. At the same time, due to the joint action of various modern media, the spread and diffusion of commodity brands are more effective and fast, which promotes and influences consumers to form the concept and value trend of brand-name consumption, and the outstanding performance of brand-name products in the market has brought rich super-value profits to enterprises. The demonstration effect of brand-name consumption is to cause people to chase brand-name goods all over the world. During this period, brand has become the focus of market competition among enterprises.

Brand-name brand has become the goal and direction of brand development for all enterprises. Brand-name brand is an outstanding brand among many brands. Brand-name brand goods are symbols of high-quality products and services. They occupy the market and conquer the high-quality goods of users and consumers with their outstanding performance and the appearance of appealing to both refined and popular tastes. From the market performance, the famous brand indicates that the enterprise’s labor is highly recognized by the society, reflects the trend of consumer psychological preference and cultural taste, is the unity of social material and spiritual values, and is the biggest feature of modern social consumption concept and cultural value orientation. During this period, many famous brands began to appear in various markets around the world, such as Coca-Cola drinks in the United States, Kodak films, Ford cars and Toyota cars in Japan. Famous brands have become a powerful weapon for enterprises to participate in international market competition in this period.

(4) the commercialization stage of the brand. When the world began to pay close attention to intellectual property rights, enterprise merger and brand export, and the implementation of franchising and other management, the formal meaning, legal attributes and branding of the brand could not fully explain the true meaning of the brand. It can be said that the nature of the brand has changed suddenly, that is, the brand has the characteristics of general commodity value and exchange function, and the commodity attributes of the brand have emerged. A brand is a commodity, which has the general attributes and characteristics of a commodity, and its development has entered the era of brand commercialization. Enterprises with brands pay more attention to the connotation of the brand and the intangible assets value of the brand itself.

When marketing activities are carried out, brands are integrated into business assets as intellectual property and intangible assets of enterprises. When enterprises merge and expand, brand assets have become an important asset composition of asset merger and reorganization. Even the brand can be auctioned as an independent asset when the enterprise goes bankrupt. For example, the famous British car brand manufacturer "Rolle Period-Roy Period" was transferred to the German Volkswagen Company at a price of hundreds of millions of pounds during the merger of the enterprise. Developed countries make use of the commodity characteristics of brands to export brands to developing countries in the international market, and adopt the way of licensing brands as an investment in local enterprises, implement franchising and realize the brand expansion strategy. For example, in many Coca-Cola production plants and filling lines around the world, the Coca-Cola Company has no direct investment, but only provides licenses for the use of Coca-Cola stock solution and Coca-Cola brands, and enterprises that use brands have to pay a considerable amount of brand use fees every year. Another example is the licensee who uses McDonald’s brand. In addition to the initial cost of about 600,000 US dollars, he will also pay McDonald’s brand service fee and brand use fee, which account for 11.5% of its operating income. It can be said that the era of brand commercialization has arrived. (The author is a member of the writing team of Brand Innovation)

    The State Council Information Office will hold a press conference in the press room of the State Council Information Office at 10 am on Tuesday, January 13th, 2015. Zheng Yuesheng, spokesperson of the General Administration of Customs and director of the General Statistics Department, will introduce the import and export situation in 2014 and answer questions from reporters.

    [Zheng Yuesheng, spokesperson of the General Administration of Customs and director of the General Statistics Department]2014 is the first year of China’s comprehensive deepening reform. In the past year, the world economy was still in a period of deep adjustment after the international financial crisis, and domestic economic development entered a new normal. Under the correct leadership and unified deployment of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, various reforms in the foreign trade field were steadily advanced, and various regions, departments and foreign trade enterprises conscientiously implemented policies and measures to promote the stable growth of foreign trade. China’s foreign trade has continued to grow steadily and its operation has remained within a reasonable range. At the same time, China’s foreign trade import and export has also made positive progress in improving quality, improving efficiency and optimizing structure.

According to customs statistics, in 2014, China’s total import and export value was 26.43 trillion yuan, an increase of 2.3% over 2013. Among them, the export was 14.39 trillion yuan, up by 4.9%; Imports were 12.04 trillion yuan, down 0.6%; The trade surplus was 2.35 trillion yuan, up 45.9%. In dollar terms, in 2014, China’s import and export, export and import increased by 3.4%, 6.1% and 0.4% respectively.

The main situation of China’s foreign trade import and export in 2014. First, the growth rate of import and export is stable and positive. In the first quarter of 2014, China’s import and export value was 5.9 trillion yuan, down 3.8%; In the second quarter, the import and export was 6.5 trillion yuan, an increase of 1.7%; Import and export in the third quarter was 7 trillion yuan, up by 7.1%; In the fourth quarter, imports and exports reached 7 trillion yuan, up 4%. Among them, exports decreased by 6.1% in the first quarter, increased by 3.4% and 12.7% in the second and third quarters respectively, and increased by 8.7% in the fourth quarter; In terms of imports, it decreased by 1.3% in the first quarter, remained basically the same in the second quarter, increased by 0.8% in the third quarter and decreased by 1.6% in the fourth quarter.

2. General trade grew steadily, while processing trade grew steadily. In 2014, China’s general trade import and export was 14.21 trillion yuan, up 4.2%, accounting for 53.8% of China’s total import and export value in the same period. In the same period, the import and export of processing trade was 8.65 trillion yuan, up 2.8%, accounting for 32.7%.

3. Bilateral trade with the EU and the United States grew steadily, trade with Japan and Hong Kong declined, and trade with emerging markets performed well. In 2014, the European Union, the United States, ASEAN, Hong Kong and Japan were my top five trading partners. Among them, my bilateral trade volume with the EU and the United States was 3.78 trillion yuan and 3.41 trillion yuan respectively, up by 8.9% and 5.4% respectively. The bilateral trade volume with Hong Kong and Japan was 2.31 trillion yuan and 1.92 trillion yuan respectively, down by 7.2% and 1% respectively. In the same period, China’s bilateral trade volume with ASEAN, Africa, Russia, India and other emerging markets was 2.95 trillion yuan, 1.36 trillion yuan, 585.19 billion yuan and 433.55 billion yuan, up 7.1%, 4.3%, 5.6% and 6.8% respectively.

4. The import and export of private enterprises and foreign-invested enterprises increased, while the import and export of state-owned enterprises declined slightly. In 2014, the import and export of private enterprises was 9.13 trillion yuan, an increase of 6.1%, accounting for 34.5% of China’s total import and export value in the same period. In the same period, the import and export of foreign-invested enterprises was 12.19 trillion yuan, up 2.4%, accounting for 46.1%; The import and export of state-owned enterprises was 4.59 trillion yuan, down 1.3%, accounting for 17.4%.

5. Exports of mechanical and electrical products and traditional labor-intensive products grew steadily. In 2014, the export of mechanical and electrical products in China was 8.05 trillion yuan, an increase of 2.6%, accounting for 56% of the total export value. In the same period, the export of seven categories of labor-intensive products, such as textiles, clothing, luggage, footwear, toys, furniture and plastic products, was 2.98 trillion yuan, up by 4%, accounting for 20.7%.

6. Imports of consumer goods accelerated, while imports of major commodities increased in price and fell. In 2014, China’s imports of consumer goods reached 936.27 billion yuan, up by 14.9%, which was significantly faster than the overall growth rate of China’s imports in the same period, accounting for 7.8% of China’s total imports in the same period. In the same period, the import volume of major commodities maintained growth, including 930 million tons of imported iron ore, an increase of 13.8%; Imported crude oil was 310 million tons, up by 9.5%; 71.399 million tons of soybeans, an increase of 12.7%; 14.432 million tons of steel, an increase of 2.5%; 4.825 million tons of copper, an increase of 7.4%. In addition, imported coal was 290 million tons, down by 10.9%; Imported refined oil was 29.997 million tons, down by 24.2%. In the same period, the import prices of China’s imported commodities generally fell, with the average import price of iron ore falling by 23.4%, crude oil by 6.1%, coal by 15.2%, refined oil by 4.6%, soybean by 6.8% and copper by 6.1%.

Seven, foreign trade export leading index fell for the third consecutive month. In December, China’s foreign trade export leading index was 40.1, down by 0.7 compared with November, the third consecutive month of decline, the lowest point since December 2013, indicating that China’s export growth is still facing certain pressure in the first quarter of this year.

　　According to the geological environment conditions of Sichuan Province and the weather forecast of Sichuan Meteorological Observatory, the office of Sichuan Geological Disaster Command issued the meteorological risk warning of geological disasters in Sichuan Province at 17: 00, from 20: 00 on August 22 to 20: 00 on August 23, Sichuan.Nine counties have a second-level orange warning, and 58 counties and cities have a third-level yellow warning.

　　The second-level orange warning areas are 9 counties (districts) in Tongjiang County, Pingchang County, Nanchong Yingshan County, Dazhou Tongchuan District, Dachuan District, Xuanhan County, Kaijiang County, Quxian County and Dazhu County.

　　The third-level yellow warning areas are Zhaohua District of Guangyuan, wangcang county, Jiange County, Cangxi County, Yanting County of Mianyang, Santai County, Zhongjiang County of Deyang, Bazhou District of Bazhong, Enyang District, Nanjiang County, Wanyuan City of Dazhou, Gaoping District of Nanchong, Shunqing District, Jialing District, Langzhong City, Peng ‘an County, nanbu county, Yilong County, Xichong County and Guang ‘an. Anyue County in Ziyang, Longchang City in Neijiang, Fushun County in Zigong, Gongxian County, Junlian County and Xingwen County in Yibin, Jiangyang District, Longmatan District, Naxi District, Hejiang County, Gulin County and Luxian County in Luzhou, Jiulong County in Ganzi Prefecture, Xichang City, Muli County, Yanyuan County, Dechang County, ningnan county, Puge County and Butuo County in Liangshan Prefecture.

　　The office of Sichuan Geological Disaster Command requires that the third-level yellow warning area should pay close attention to rainfall forecast and rainfall reality; Check the implementation of the disaster prevention responsibility system; Inspection of dangerous areas such as slopes in front of and behind the house, cliffs near the mountain and ditches; Do a good job in monitoring, early warning and early warning information release; Find signs of danger, decisively take the initiative to prevent and avoid, and ensure the safety of people’s lives; Do a good job in preparing for the emergency disposal of sudden geological disasters.

　　Continued heavy rainfall caused disasters in 19 towns and villages in Cangxi, Guangyuan, Sichuan.

　　Affected by the heavy rainfall on the 22nd, 19 towns and villages in Cangxi County, Guangyuan City, Sichuan Province were affected, with 267 people evacuated and 274 resettled, and no casualties were reported.

　　From 1: 00 to 18: 00 on the 22nd, there was heavy rain in Cangxi County, Guangyuan City, and heavy rain occurred in some places, with the maximum rainfall reaching 277.7mm..

　　Affected by continuous heavy rainfall, 19 towns and villages in Cangxi County have experienced different degrees of geological disasters such as landslides and farmland damage. At present, local departments are making every effort to organize party member cadres to carry out rescue and evacuation.

　　Langzhong, Sichuan: Heavy rainfall caused landslide and road interruption.

　　At 19: 30 on August 22nd, the fire station of Jiaochang Road, Langzhong City, Nanchong City, Sichuan Province received an alarm saying that a landslide occurred near Panlongchang, Wencheng Town, Langzhong City due to continuous rainfall, which caused the road to be interrupted, and three old people were trapped in the house. The local fire rescue forces immediately dispatched a rescue vehicle and six fire fighters to the rescue.

　　At 20: 10, the rescue force arrived at the scene. After determining the location of the trapped people, the fire rescuers used the ladder in the house to rescue three old people and moved them to safety.

　　By 10: 00 on the 22nd, Nanchong City Fire Rescue Detachment had received 5 flood fighting and rescue alarms, dispatched 5 fire fighting vehicles, 30 fire fighters and rescued 7 people trapped.

　　(Headquarters reporter Tamia Liu Yang Chen Jia Yichao)

　　Cctv news(News Network): In January this year, the new version of the national medical insurance drug list was implemented, and the national negotiated drugs have been equipped in more than 150,000 designated medical institutions across the country.

　　Mr. Xie, a citizen of Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, bought a national medical insurance negotiation drug in a retail pharmacy, which is a targeted drug for the treatment of malignant tumors.

　　On January 1st this year, the new national medical insurance catalogue was implemented, and 67 kinds of drugs were added through negotiation, with an average price reduction of 62%, covering the demand for drugs such as tumors, chronic diseases and rare diseases. To reduce the drug burden of the masses, it is not only that drugs can be "reimbursed" in medical insurance, but also that people can use drugs conveniently and quickly, so as to improve the accessibility of negotiated drugs. In order to solve the problem of negotiating drugs landing, in May last year, the National Medical Insurance Bureau put forward a "dual-channel" management mechanism for negotiating drugs, determined that designated retail pharmacies should be included in the supply guarantee scope of medical insurance drugs, and implemented a unified payment policy with medical institutions. By the end of February 2022, the negotiated drugs in the new national medical insurance drug list during the agreement period were equipped in 154,700 designated medical institutions nationwide, of which 42,100 were designated medical institutions and 112,600 were designated retail pharmacies.

　　According to the National Medical Insurance Bureau, in January this year alone, during the agreement period, 17.7387 million people were reimbursed for drugs negotiated, and the medical insurance fund spent 5.197 billion yuan, with an average actual reimbursement rate of 69.12%.

　　Since 2018, a total of six batches of drugs have been purchased by the state, and a total of 234 drugs have been purchased, involving 30% of the total annual procurement of chemicals in public medical institutions. According to the purchase amount before centralized procurement, the accumulated cost savings are more than 260 billion yuan.

　　Recently,

　　48-year-old Guangzhou citizen

　　Mr. Li (pseudonym) suffered from a sudden stroke.

　　Go to the Stroke Center of Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University for medical treatment.

　　however

　　He has fever,

　　And Covid-19 nucleic acid detection is not carry out,

　　What should we do?

　　Time is the brain, and time is life. "According to the suspected COVID-19 patient, start the emergency green channel for him!" After the medical staff of the intervention team of neurology department in the stroke center of this hospital collected nucleic acid on the spot, they immediately took three-level protective measures to implement emergency treatment for Mr. Li.

　　Guangzhou Daily Xinhua Flower City reporter learned from the hospital on April 15 that with the cooperation of emergency department, radiology department, interventional room, anesthesiology department and other departments, Mr. Li completed thrombolytic therapy in just 45 minutes and embolectomy in 90 minutes, quickly opening occluded blood vessels and finally turning the corner.

　　Start the emergency green channel

　　Complete thrombolysis and embolectomy within 90 minutes.

　　On the evening of March 31, Mr. Li suddenly felt weak in his left hand and foot, which lasted for 2 hours and still did not improve, so he came to Sun Yixian Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University for treatment. Because Mr. Li has fever symptoms and has not done nucleic acid testing, the fever clinic immediately took nucleic acid samples for him. Dr. Zhang Xiaoxu, a neurologist in the hospital, quickly identified it after receiving the treatment, judged it as an acute ischemic stroke, and immediately started the emergency green channel.

　　"The golden treatment time for ischemic stroke is usually only 3 hours to 4.5 hours. Mr. Li has been ill for 2 hours. The situation is critical and needs immediate treatment." Dr. Zhang Xiaotong said.

　　Since the results of Mr. Li’s nucleic acid have not yet come out, Dr. Zhang Xiaotong, together with the emergency department and radiology team, quickly completed the one-stop head CT plain scan, blood vessel and perfusion examination for him after taking three-level protection. The results showed that the right middle cerebral artery was occluded and the right hemisphere was hypoperfused, and the ischemic penumbra was quantified as 161.9 ml.
（Tmax>6s）。 If effective treatment is not taken in time, Mr. Li will face the possibility of permanent paralysis of his left limb.

　　The neurointerventional team in the hospital strictly followed the three-level protection required for epidemic prevention and control, quickly put on protective clothing, prepared various surgical instruments and equipment, and urgently performed bridging embolectomy.

　　Teamwork "bridging and taking bolts"

　　Hemiplegia disappeared after operation.

　　For stroke patients, "time is the brain and time is life!" In order to keep the patient’s brain function, after the examination results came out, Dr. Zhang Xiaoxu took intravenous thrombolysis for Mr. Li in the isolation ward, and then the nerve intervention team took the thrombus by relay bridging. With the cooperation of Deputy Chief Physician Yang Xinguang and Dr. Chenguang Li, the thrombus was taken by a single stent in just half an hour, which perfectly opened the occluded blood vessels and restored the effective blood flow of Mr. Li’s middle cerebral artery.

　　After the operation, Mr. Li’s left paralyzed limb can be lifted and moved freely on the operating table immediately. Two hours later, Mr. Li’s nucleic acid negative results came out and he was transferred to the neurology department for further observation and treatment. One week after the operation, Mr. Li recovered smoothly and was discharged from hospital.

　　After the operation, Mr. Li’s left paralyzed limb can be lifted immediately and move freely.

　　"In the special period of epidemic prevention and control, the treatment of stroke patients is still urgent, and it is necessary to ensure the smoothness of the emergency green channel." Professor Wang Yidong, director of the Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Diseases at Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, said that according to the hospital’s epidemic prevention and control requirements, the stroke center further improved the emergency stroke treatment process, and through multidisciplinary cooperation, a "race against time" stroke emergency treatment was successful, achieving both epidemic prevention and stroke treatment.

　　Know more d:

　　It is not enough to master "Stroke 120"

　　Be wary of these symptoms.

　　Professor Wang Yidong said that in recent years, "Stroke 120", a rapid method for Chinese people to identify stroke, has been well promoted: "1" stands for "seeing an asymmetric face"; "2" stands for "check whether there is unilateral weakness in both arms"; "0" stands for "Listen (zero) to see if the speech is clear". If the patient is suspected to have a stroke through these three steps, you can call the emergency number 120 immediately.

　　"In addition to these three common symptoms, sudden walking instability, decreased vision, and double vision may also be precursors of stroke, and everyone should also pay attention to it." Professor Wang Yidong reminded.

　　Professor Wang Yidong introduced that stroke is usually divided into two categories: ischemic and hemorrhagic, and its treatment effect has a strong time dependence. In response to ischemic stroke, the internationally recognized intravenous thrombolysis therapy is within 4.5 hours of onset. In China, some patients can also be treated with intravenous thrombolysis within 6 hours of onset. Arterial embolectomy can be performed within 24 hours of onset, but most patients are only suitable for arterial embolectomy within 6 hours of onset. Hemorrhagic stroke is usually serious, and many patients need early surgical treatment.

　　"If the treatment is carried out after the above onset time, the therapeutic effect of stroke will be significantly reduced, and the chances of disability and death will be greatly increased." Professor Wang Yidong reminded that once a stroke occurs, it is necessary to go to the nearest medical institution (usually a third-class hospital) with the corresponding stroke treatment ability as soon as possible to receive standardized treatment.

　　Text/Guangzhou Daily Xinhua City Reporter: Ren Shanshan Correspondent: Zhang Yang, Yang Xinguang, Wang Hongxuan