Sophomore girls in Hefei borrowed 50,000 yuan from a "naked loan" and finally owed 500,000 yuan. Parents were forced to sell their houses.

After repeated exposure by the media, "naked loan" has entered the field of vision of more and more people. Xiao Jing (a pseudonym), a sophomore girl in a vocational school in Hefei, borrowed money to spend money with her boyfriend through "naked loan" and ended up in a quagmire. The principal borrowed for personal use is less than 50,000 yuan, less than one year, and the loan principal owed has reached 300,000 yuan, and the total principal and interest is more than 500,000 yuan. After he couldn’t afford the money, his photo of naked ID card was exposed to the Internet, and his family’s phone calls were also blasted by debt collection calls. As a last resort, the family is selling the only house for repayment while calling the police.

Event: Girls spend a lot of money on boyfriends, nude photos mortgage high-interest loans.

Some time ago, a netizen broke the news on Weibo, saying that Xiao Jing, a sophomore girl in a vocational college in Hefei, had been missing for a week on the grounds that she only loved the investment in cold light whitening instruments, mortgaged her nude photos and forged her father’s guarantee, defrauding and absconding with money. At present, there have been many victims of fraud. Weibo Middle School also exposed the photos of girls with "naked" ID cards, and their home address, school dormitory address, major, contact information of parents, school teachers and even classmates were all announced one by one, and Weibo immediately caused an uproar.

According to the contact information in the picture, the reporter contacted Xiao Jing’s father, Zhang Xu (a pseudonym). He told the reporter that Weibo’s disclosure was false except that his daughter forged her own guarantee. "She did owe a lot of money outside, but she didn’t cheat." Zhang Xu told reporters that her daughter had a boyfriend in her freshman year without telling her family, which cost a lot and her family was average. When she had no money, she borrowed money through the online lending platform by means of "naked loan", and the principal was as high as 300,000 yuan. There were as many as 59 online lending platforms and lenders who had "loans" with her. "Most of this 300,000 yuan is not borrowed, but borrowed to repay the debts owed in the previous period. In this way, robbing Peter to pay Paul, resulting in more and more debts. The real money she borrowed for her own use was almost less than 50,000 yuan, and the result was less than one year. Now the total principal and interest is more than 500,000 yuan. " Zhang Xu told reporters that the weekly interest rate of her daughter’s "naked loan" loan is as high as 3 points, and "the interest of 10,000 yuan a week is as high as 3,000 yuan."

Multiple creditors are not allowed to spread their photos and other privacy when collecting debts.

Xiao Jing first borrowed money through "campus loan". Later, the more money he borrowed, the less he could pay, so he had to use the naked loan to "borrow and support the loan". Through her father, she stressed to reporters that these so-called "victims" who claimed to cheat money were not their own so-called partners, but all lenders. They exposed their photos online in order to force her to pay off her debts.

In fact, after Xiaojing’s overdue payment, the object of the lender’s forced debt has spread to people around her. Some lenders exposed her information in the post bar of Xiaojing’s school, and even sent false messages to her classmates. Even those who have contacted her in the last three months have received these false information. In addition to Xiao Jing, the lives of Zhang Xu and other family members were also "disturbed" by the phone calls of the debtors. "On average, more than 30 dunning calls can be received every day, and there are 15 at least one day." Zhang Xu said. "Now that things have gone out, my daughter is under great pressure. I am now in contact with these lenders to see if I can repay the principal first and then compensate some interest. " Zhang Xu said that most lenders are better. "There are six or seven lenders who are not very talkative. They posted photos of my daughter on Weibo, and rumors that she lost contact after fraud are also among them." Zhang Xu said, "My daughter is still wet behind the ears, and she realizes that she has made a mistake. What I can do now is to minimize the impact of these photos on her future life. Give her another chance. "

Father is going to sell the house to pay off debts and has reported to the police station.

Zhang Xu works as a driver in a private enterprise, earning more than 4,000 yuan a month. His wife charges in the local vegetable market, and he gets more than 1,000 yuan a month. There is also a young son who has just entered the fifth grade at home, and his life is already difficult. In order to pay back the money, he began to borrow money, and he begged his colleagues, neighbors, relatives and friends all over again. Because of the high interest rate, the debt is still snowballing. In desperation, Zhang Xu decided to sell the house she lived in online. "How can a normal family sell the only house? The current economic situation of our family is really collapsed. " He said.

At present, Mr. Zhang has reported to the police station in the jurisdiction that his daughter’s photo was exposed to the Internet by the other party, and the police are investigating the matter.

In the interview, Zhang Xu told reporters that around her daughter, this kind of campus loan in the form of "naked loan" is very rampant. "In a very well-known 211 university in Anhui, a student used to borrow money through’ naked loan’, and the principal and interest were more than 100,000 yuan. Later, it was not available, and the family knew it. I tried to pay her back. At present, she is lending money to others, and my daughter has borrowed money from her. "

Zhang Xu told reporters that after contacting the lender, "she is also a good person, and for the sake of conscience, she reduced part of my daughter’s debt."

Zhang Xu said that the harm of "naked loan" is very far-reaching. The reason why he stood up for an interview with reporters was to warn other students in the society, including their parents, to recognize the true face of this "campus loan" and not to be deceived again. "As parents, it is especially important to supervise their children’s behavior on campus and their financial situation. Educate children to be diligent and frugal, and spend according to their abilities. " Zhang Xu hopes that there will be fewer victims like her daughter in the future.

Statement: operating campus loans without a license violates the crime of illegal business.

Lawyer Zhu Zheng of Anhui Zhongtianheng Law Firm told reporters that they have also seen this kind of rights protection case in which private photos were leaked on the Internet due to "naked loan", and the final result was that the lender was convicted for spreading obscene articles. According to Zhu Zheng, if "campus loan" is not individual and sporadic, but organized and large-scale normal lending, it belongs to the category of lending business. If there is no relevant license, it may violate the crime of illegal business in the Criminal Law. According to its introduction, on August 24th this year, four ministries and commissions, namely China Banking Regulatory Commission, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Ministry of Public Security and Network Information Office, officially issued the Interim Measures for the Management of Business Activities of Information Intermediaries in peer-to-peer lending, which will definitely have a strong regulatory and governance effect on online loans such as campus loans. At present, the status quo is that after the introduction of this method, many campus loan business forms have changed from the legal situation to being directly characterized as illegal. "Many campus loans have disappeared."

(The original title is "Naked Debit", and the nude photos of sophomores are exposed.)

Obviously, the weaver girl was forced to marry the cowherd, so how did it become a story of pursuing free love?

Judging from the origin of the story and folklore, the legend of Cowherd and Weaver Girl is not a model of positive love story. Only under the influence of Western Valentine’s Day, many people call Tanabata the ancient Valentine’s Day in China because of the story of "Cowherd and Weaver Girl Meeting". The legend of the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl has now become a well-known love legend, which has something to do with being selected into Chinese textbooks for primary and secondary schools for a long time.

Special Stamp "Cowherd and Weaver Girl-Meet at the Magpie Bridge"

Ancient origin: Cowherd and Weaver Girl are all negative images.

Limited by the underdevelopment of science and technology, in the eyes of the ancients, the sky is supreme and the stars are personalized. The stars in the vast universe have also become gods with personality consciousness, worshipped and believed. Vega has always been personified as the image of "Bai Fu Mei". "Historical Records Tianguan Book": "Weaver Girl, Goddess Sun Ye." "The History of the Later Han Dynasty and the Chronicle of Heaven": "Weaver girl, the son of heaven is a true girl." The Samsung across the Milky Way from Vega is called River Drum Star. The three stars of the river drum are arranged in a straight line, and the middle one is extremely bright. The whole image is like a cowherd carrying a son and a daughter, so the people are also called the shoulder pole star, which is more like a cow. Therefore, it was later equated with Petunia, such as "Er Ya Shi Tian": "The North Pole is called Beichen, and the drum is called Petunia."

stellar map

The origin of the legend of Cowherd and Weaver Girl can be traced back to the Zhou Dynasty. In The Book of Songs Xiaoya Dadong, it is said: "There is a Han in Wei Tian, and there is light in prison. Three of the three, Vega, seven times a day. Even though the weaver girl is busy, she doesn’t weave a good Stripe. Give him a cow, not a box. " Among them, there are records about the Weaver Girl and the Petunia Stars, which have always been regarded as the germination and embryo of the legend of the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl. The images of "Weaver Girl" and "Petunia" in the poem are quite negative: Weaver Girl doesn’t weave, Petunia doesn’t drive, and emphasizes that Petunia and Weaver Girl are in name only, thus satirizing the behavior of nobles in the Western Zhou Dynasty who get something for nothing.

The further clarification of the relationship between the legend of Niu Nv and Qixi in the Han Dynasty is inevitably related to the advocacy of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, in order to train the water army, Kunming Pool was dug in Doumen, Chang ‘an. On both sides of the pool, there are statues of cowherd and weaver girl, and Kunming pool is used to symbolize Tianhe. Ban Gu’s "Xidu Fu" "There are two stone people in Kunming Pool, who are like cows and weaver girls." During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the two stars were further personified, and there was an unfortunate plot of the marriage of the Weaver Girl. Nineteen Ancient Poems in the Han Dynasty wrote: "The Altair is far away, and the Jiaojiao River is a Chinese woman. ….. The river is clear and shallow. How much difference does it make? Ying Ying Yi Shui, the pulse is speechless. " By the time of Liang Wudi in the Southern Dynasties, Yin Yun wrote the first complete version of the legend of the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl in the Novel, "There is a Weaver Girl in the east of Tianhe, and the son of the Emperor of Heaven is also there. Every year, the loom labors, weaving into a brocade dress, and the appearance is too messy. The emperor pitied him for being alone and promised to marry a cowherd in Hexi. After marriage, he abandoned weaving. The Emperor of Heaven was angry and ordered to return to Hedong, but it was held once a year. " The story explains the tragedy of their marriage, and the annual meeting has become a model of faithful love.

However, according to the text data of Yunmeng Qin Bamboo Slips unearthed in Hubei, the original prototype of the touching love story between Cowherd and Weaver, the daughter of Tiandi, is the marriage tragedy that Cowherd abandoned Weaver many times. "Wu Shen, Ji You, pulling the cow to take the weaver girl, failing, three abandonment." "Wu Shen, Ji You, pull the cow to take the weaver girl and fail. If you are not three years old, you will abandon it." Different from the legend of later generations, their separation was not caused by external interference, but by the man’s change of heart. People look up at the starry sky, and two bright stars twinkle on both sides of Tianhe, so they imagine that these two stars may be a couple. The husband abandoned his wife, and the wife looked at the "ungrateful person" on the other side of Tianhe affectionately. Why does the separation of Altair and Vega in the sky become a symbol of the tragedy of marriage between men and women on earth? Looking through the Book of Songs, we will find some social tragedies that reflect the change of heart of men and the abandonment of their wives in a patriarchal society, such as Ye Feng Gu Feng, which "turns an Jiang Le to a woman" and "turns an Jiang Le to a legacy"; "Wei Feng for self-protection", "the banquet of the general angle, laughing and laughing, swearing, not thinking about the opposite."

 

Folklore: It is a helpless move for the weaver girl to marry the cowherd.

The embryonic form of the myth of "Cowherd and Weaver Girl" was established in the Han Dynasty, and the myth of Cowherd and Weaver Girl was widely spread among the people through the rendering of scholars in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and the story plot and characters have been deeply rooted in people’s hearts. Since the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the family system has become more stringent, and the story of the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl has also incorporated these elements.

In quite a few versions, the combination of Cowherd and Weaver Girl is not the true love that most people know now. Cowherd was able to cross the family line and marry the "Bai Fumei" Weaver Girl, which was caused by stealing the fairy clothes under the guidance of the old cow. After marriage, Weaver Girl mostly managed to get the fairy clothes back and escape from the world. There are 18 articles in China Legend of Cowherd and Weaver Girl and Folk Literature Volume edited by Chen Yongchao.

Various versions of the legend of Cowherd and Weaver Girl before the founding of the People’s Republic of China

Legend of China Cowherd and Weaver Girl

These stories often use words such as "had to" and "forced" when describing the marriage of the Weaver Girl to the Cowherd. For example, it is most clearly expressed in The Silly Cowherd and the Weaver Girl, which is circulated in Shijiazhuang. "The Silly Cowherd is in a hurry and says that the Weaver Girl doesn’t love the same flesh and blood, and she is absolutely heartless. Weaver girl even cursed the silly cowherd:’ You are not a thing! Who told you to take my clothes and force me to get married! You have harmed me and a pair of children, which are all your sins!’ "It can be seen that the combination of the Weaver Girl and the Cowherd is out of helplessness. It is in the case that the Weaver Girl was stolen from the fairy clothes and could not return to heaven, and the Cowherd saw the body, so she had to stay on earth and marry the Cowherd. They originally lacked the emotional foundation of mutual consent, which laid a hidden danger for the Weaver Girl to escape to the sky and their marriage broke down.

Special stamp "Cowherd and Weaver Girl-Stealing Clothes and Becoming Attached"

There is also a plot worthy of attention in many stories, that is, the plot of Niu Lang’s "hiding clothes to prevent his wife". This just proves that the weaver girl has no love for the cowherd, and she was forced to marry and have children with the cowherd-the fairy clothes were hidden. There are 20 articles in "The Legend of the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl in China Folk Literature Volume" that contain the plot of "hiding clothes to prevent wives". Cowherd’s attitude towards Weaver Girl is more than guarding against theft. He took the initiative, or listened to the old cow’s instructions, and hid the fairy clothes of Weaver Girl in a secret place to prevent her from escaping. Cowherd’s "hiding clothes to prevent his wife" comes first, which has become an important prerequisite for the weaver girl to abandon her husband and children and flee to heaven. For example, in "Meet at the Que Bridge" written by Panshi, Jilin Province, "The Cowherd carries the Weaver Girl on his back and buries her long-sleeved shirt under the stone beside the door". This precaution even lasts into the daily life after marriage. In The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl in Shijiazhuang, the Cowherd "guards the Weaver Girl in the dark, always afraid that she will run back to the sky".

Stories of hiding clothes and defending wives in many versions

Judging from the existing literature, the earliest literature record about drawing a river was also drawn by Weaver Girl. Gong Mingzhi’s "Notes on the Middle Wu Dynasty" in the Song Dynasty: "Kunshan County is east, and the place name is Huanggu. From father to father, it is said that there is a weaver girl and Altair descended here. The weaver girl rowed the river with a golden grate, and the river overflowed, so the petunia could not cross it. "

Special stamp "Cowherd and Weaver Girl-Chasing Wife with a Burden"

The pursuit of free love is the theme after the transformation.

In fact, the image change of the story of the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl is the result of the continuous transformation of myths and legends by national emotions, and the elements of the times are constantly added. This has always been the case since ancient times. The version we are familiar with at present is more the result of the transformation of operas such as Tianhe Pei after the founding of the People’s Republic of China, which has established the theme of labor, love and anti-feudalism. Cowherd became the representative of working people’s image, Weaver girl became the representative of pursuing free love, and Queen Mother became the representative of feudal parents.

The legend of the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl has now become a well-known love legend, which has something to do with its long-term selection in Chinese textbooks for primary and secondary schools.The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl was first selected as a middle school Chinese textbook in 1955, and was personally adapted from folklore by Mr. Ye Shengtao, then president of People’s Education Publishing House. The adapted legend of Cowherd and Weaver Girl still retains the original story form of swan virgin, fairy ordinary man and two brothers in structure, but it has made great changes in thought. The most important change is to eliminate the negative images of Cowherd and Weaver Girl, and to highlight the persecution of young men and women by the old ethics and the old system. The story implies the persecution of lovers by feudal paternalism "parents’ orders, matchmakers’ words", and the persecution of cowherd by feudal hierarchy (the fairy is different) and patriarchal clan system (the old and the young are orderly).

These reservations and adaptations are reflected in the content. The reserved plot includes the persecution of Cowherd by his brother and sister-in-law. "My brother and sister-in-law treated him badly, told him to eat leftovers, wear rags and sleep in the cowshed at night." The plot of returning clothes is an important part of changing the nature of the story. Cowherd not only did not hide his clothes, but also refused to return them. When the Cowherd heard the Weaver Girl ask where the clothes were, he also took the initiative to return the gauze clothes to him. "When the Cowherd heard this, he came out of the Woods and held the gauze clothes in his hands and said,’ Don’t worry, girl, your clothes are here’" … After listening to the Weaver Girl’s words, the Cowherd said,’ Girl, since there is nothing good in the sky, you don’t have to go back. You can work, and I can work. Let’s get married and live together for life. " The weaver girl thought for a moment and said,’ You are right. Let’s get married and live together.’ "In this case, the Weaver Girl took the initiative to stay, belonging to two people with emotional foundation. As for this version of the Queen Mother, it is completely the image of a vicious old lady. "She went to the Cowherd’s house in person, and it happened that Cowherd was working in the field, so she grabbed the Weaver Girl and walked out. Seeing the old woman angrily pulling her mother away, the Weaver Girl boy ran to hold her clothes. The Queen Mother gave a hard push and the child fell to the ground. "

The Images of Cowherd, Weaver Girl and Queen Mother in Comic Books

Before the founding of the People’s Republic of China, most people learned and passed on the legend of Cowherd and Weaver Girl by word of mouth, so the versions had different themes. Nowadays, most people know the legend of the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl through written texts, mostly based on the legend of the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl adapted by Ye Shengtao in Chinese textbooks, which is an important factor affecting people’s cognition of the legend of the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl after the founding of the People’s Republic of China. Ye Shengtao’s adaptation could have been accepted by the public, which met the social needs of abolishing the old ethics and pursuing equality, especially the pursuit of free love after the founding of the People’s Republic of China, and also satisfied the people’s long-hidden dream of a fairy.

Today, customs such as "begging for cleverness" on Qixi, which is closely related to ancient needlework, have lost their original soil. The beautified fairy tale of the meeting between the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl is still widely circulated. These make modern people make a wrong judgment-Qixi is an ancient Valentine’s Day. In today’s Chinese Valentine’s Day, merchants take the opportunity to engage in promotion, and the media will not hesitate to report on the layout; On the other hand, matchmaking agencies took the opportunity to engage in friendship, and even local women’s organizations joined the team of friendship matchmaking for fear of being left behind. The reason for this situation is that I don’t know the original custom of Tanabata and the original story of Cowherd and Weaver Girl. The reason is probably a series of phenomena caused by contemporary commerce under the influence of Western Valentine’s Day. Have you noticed that even Christmas Eve and Christmas in the west are packaged by China businessmen as the day when men and women meet?

References:

Zhou Yuxian: Inheritance and Evolution of Cowherd and Weaver Girl Literature in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, Capital Normal University, March 2009.

Li Chao: Another Probe into the Image of the Weaver Girl —— On the Negative Image of the Weaver Girl in the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl Story, Folk Culture Forum, August 2012.

Qi Lingyun: Gender Conflict and Discourse Power —— On the Evolution of the Legend of Cowherd and Weaver Girl before and after the Founding of the People’s Republic of China, Folklore Research, No.5, 2014.

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General situation of language and writing in China

    There are 56 ethnic groups in China, which is a multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-dialect and multi-lingual country. According to The Language of China[1]Atlas of Chinese Language[2]There are more than 130 languages and about 30 languages in China.

    The national common language is Mandarin and standard Chinese characters.

    Chinese is the language of the Han nationality,[3]It is the most widely used language in China, one of the major languages in the world and one of the six official working languages of the United Nations.[4]In China, except for the Han nationality, which accounts for 91.51% of the total population, all ethnic minorities use Chinese to varying degrees, and some ethnic groups also switch to Chinese.[5]Modern Chinese can be divided into standard language (Mandarin) and dialect.

    Putonghua takes Beijing pronunciation as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and typical modern vernacular writings as the grammatical norm. The Constitution of People’s Republic of China (PRC) stipulates: "The state promotes Putonghua, which is commonly used throughout the country." On October 31st, 2000, the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on National Common Language and Characters confirmed Putonghua as the national common language.

    Chinese dialects are usually divided into seven dialects: Northern Dialect, Wu Dialect, Hunan Dialect, Gan Dialect, Hakka Dialect, Guangdong Dialect and Min Dialect. There are several power languages and many kinds of "local languages" in each dialect area. Among them, the northern dialect with the largest number of users is divided into four sub-dialects: Northern Mandarin, Northwest Mandarin, Southwest Mandarin and Xiajiang Mandarin.[6]

    Among the 55 ethnic minorities in China, which account for 8.49% of the total population, most of the Hui and Manchu have switched to Chinese, and the other 53 ethnic groups have their own languages.[7]

    In terms of language families, the languages spoken by 56 ethnic groups in China belong to five major language families: Sino-Tibetan, Altai, austronesian family, South Asian and Indo-European. Sino-Tibetan language family is divided into three language families: Chinese, Tibetan-Burmese, Miao-Yao and Zhuang-Dong. Belonging to the Tibeto-Burman language family are Zang, Jiarong, Menba, Cangla, Luoba, Qiang, Pumi, Dulong, Jingpo, Yi, Lisu, Hani, Lahu, Bai, Naxi, Jino, Nusu, Anong, Rouruo, Tujia, Zaiwa and Aru. Miao, Bunu, Mian, She and other languages belong to Miao-Yao language family. Zhuang, Buyi, Dai, Dong, Shui, Mulao, Maonan, Raja, Li, Gelao and other languages belong to the Zhuang and Dong language families. Altaic language family is divided into three language families: Mongolian, Turkic, Manchu-Tungusic. Mongolian languages include Mongolian, Daur, Dongxiang, Yugur, Tu and Baoan in the east. Turkic languages include Uygur, Kazak, Kirgiz, Uzbek, tatar, Salar, Yugur in the west and Tuwa. Manchu, Xibe, Hezhe, Ewenki, Oroqen and other languages belong to Manchu-Tungusic language family. Austronesian family belongs to Gaoshan languages, and Hui dialect of Hui nationality. Wa, De ‘ang, Brown, Kemu and other languages belong to the Monkhmer family of South Asian language family. Belonging to Indo-European language family are Russian belonging to Slavic language family and Tajik belonging to Iranian language family.[8]There is no consensus on the families of some languages, such as Korean and Beijing.

    Chinese characters are written to record Chinese.[9]It is a common language used by the Han nationality, and some nationalities have completely used Chinese characters. At the same time, Chinese characters are the common language of all ethnic groups in China. Chinese characters were produced in the Neolithic Age before 3000 BC.[10]The Chinese characters used now are gradually evolved from ancient Chinese characters. The Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on the National Common Language and Characters determines the standardized Chinese characters as the national common characters.

    Since the 1950s, the state has sorted out and simplified the existing Chinese characters, and formulated and published the first batch of variant forms, simplified Chinese characters, modern Chinese common characters, modern Chinese common characters, printed common Chinese characters, and Chinese character order (stroke order) specification for GB13000.1 character set. On June 5, 2013, the Notice of the State Council on Publishing the List of Chinese Characters with General Norms (Guo Fa [2013] No.23) was issued. The List of Chinese Characters with General Norms is an important standard for Chinese characters, which implements the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on National Common Languages and Characters and meets the needs of Chinese characters application in various fields of society in the new situation. After the publication of the General Specification Chinese Character List, the use of Chinese characters in the general application field of society should be based on the General Specification Chinese Character List, and the original related word lists should be stopped.

    Before the founding of People’s Republic of China (PRC), 21 ethnic minorities had their own scripts. After the founding of People’s Republic of China (PRC), the government has worked out writing schemes for Zhuang, Buyi, Yi, Miao, Hani, Lisu, Naxi, Dong, Wa and Li nationalities.[11]

    Judging from the writing system and letter form, Chinese characters are ideographic, syllabic and ideographic in terms of writing types, and there are ancient Indian letters, Uighur letters, Arabic letters, square letters, Latin letters and Slavic letters in terms of letter writing system.[12]

    On February 11th, 1958, the Fifth Session of the First National People’s Congress passed a resolution to promulgate the Chinese Pinyin Scheme. The Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on the National Common Language stipulates: "The Chinese Pinyin Scheme is used as a spelling and phonetic notation tool for the national common language. The Chinese Pinyin Scheme is a unified standard for the spelling of Roman letters in Chinese’s names, place names and Chinese documents, and is used in areas where Chinese characters are inconvenient or unusable. Primary education should be taught in Chinese Pinyin. "

    The Constitution of People’s Republic of China (PRC) stipulates that "all ethnic groups have the freedom to use and develop their own spoken and written languages". The Law on Regional National Autonomy in People’s Republic of China (PRC) stipulates that "the organs of self-government of ethnic autonomous areas guarantee the freedom of all ethnic groups to use and develop their own spoken and written languages", "the organs of self-government of ethnic autonomous areas educate and encourage cadres of all ethnic groups to learn from each other" and "educate cadres and masses of all ethnic groups to trust each other, learn from each other, help each other and respect each other’s spoken and written languages". The Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on National Common Language and Characters stipulates that "the state insists on popularizing Putonghua and promoting standardized Chinese characters" and that "the use of minority languages and characters is based on the relevant provisions of the Constitution, the Law on Regional National Autonomy and other laws". The implementation of these laws by the state plays an important role in safeguarding national unity and national unity, building a harmonious language life and promoting economic, social and cultural development.

    Over the years, China has persistently promoted the national common spoken and written language. According to the sampling survey conducted by the Institute of Language and Written Application of the Ministry of Education in 2010, the national Putonghua penetration rate reached over 70%, and the proportion of literate people using standardized Chinese characters exceeded 95%.

    On December 4, 2012, the Ministry of Education and state language commission jointly issued the Outline of the National Medium-and Long-Term Reform and Development Plan for Language and Literature (2012-2020) (hereinafter referred to as the Outline). The Outline puts forward the overall goal of language and writing work: "By 2020, Putonghua will be basically popularized throughout the country, the standardization of social application of Chinese characters will be further improved, and Chinese Pinyin will play a better role. The standard of language and writing basically meets the needs of society, and the level of informatization has been further improved. The language and writing social management service capacity has been comprehensively improved, and the social management service system has been basically completed. The scientific protection of the spoken and written languages of all ethnic groups has been strengthened. The role of language and writing in inheriting and carrying forward Chinese excellent culture has been further exerted. The national language strength has been significantly enhanced, the national language ability has been significantly improved, and the social language life has developed harmoniously. " The Outline defines seven major tasks of language and writing in the new period: vigorously popularizing and popularizing the national common language and writing, promoting the standardization and informatization construction of language and writing, strengthening the supervision and inspection and service of social application of language and writing, improving the application ability of national language and writing, scientifically protecting the languages and writing of all ethnic groups, promoting and spreading the excellent Chinese culture and strengthening the legal system construction of language and writing. Six key tasks and sixteen measures were determined, including popularization, infrastructure construction, supervision service, capacity improvement, scientific protection and cultural inheritance. Put forward "innovative ideas", "innovative working mechanism", "innovative management service" andEight innovation and guarantee measures, such as opening wider to the outside world, strengthening talent guarantee, improving scientific research level, increasing publicity and ensuring fund investment. The release of the Outline is an important measure to implement the spirit of the 18th CPC National Congress and the Sixth Plenary Session of the 17th CPC Central Committee, an important action to promote the construction of a strong socialist culture, and an important program to guide the language and writing work at present and in the future.

    Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the national language and writing system has given full play to the unique role of language and writing in cultivating and practicing socialist core values, comprehensively improving citizens’ moral quality, enhancing cultural soft power, and enhancing national cohesion. On the basis of adhering to effective work measures such as the standardization of urban language and writing, the Putonghua proficiency test, and the nationwide promotion of Putonghua publicity week, Constantly innovating the work carriers such as Chinese classic reading, Chinese character dictation conference, China idiom conference, and the construction of Chinese language resources audio database have improved the language literacy of the broad masses of the people, strengthened the scientific protection of the languages of various ethnic groups, carried forward Chinese virtues and spread Chinese excellent culture. On June 5 -6, 2014, the China government cooperated with UNESCO to successfully hold the World Language Conference, reached the Suzhou Consensus, and put forward the concept of "language capacity building" at the UNESCO conference for the first time, which played an important role in promoting language teaching and improving language ability in various countries. After the World Language Congress, relevant departments, universities and academic groups successively held academic seminars on language ability and language development strategy, language ability and national security, social development and cultural communication, which promoted academic prosperity and the development of language and writing.

    Remarks: The manuscript was reviewed by some national language advisory committees.

    ——————————————————————————–

    [1] edited by Sun Hongkai, published by the Commercial Press in 2007.

    [2] Co-edited by China Academy of Social Sciences and City University of Hong Kong, published by Commercial Press in 2012.

    [3] Quoted from Modern Chinese Dictionary (6th Edition), published by the Commercial Press.

    [4] Quoted from "Encyclopedia of China Language", China Encyclopedia Publishing House.

    [5] Cited the data of the sixth population census, and referred to "China Ethnic Language Work", edited by Jin Xinghua and published by Ethnic Publishing House.

    [6] This passage refers to Modern Chinese, edited by Huang Borong and Liao Xudong, and published by Higher Education Press.

    [7] Cited the data of the sixth population census and referred to: Atlas of Chinese Language, edited by China Academy of Social Sciences and City University of Hong Kong, published by the Commercial Press in 2012; Ethnic Language Work in China, edited by Jin Xinghua, published by Ethnic Publishing House.

    [8] This passage mainly refers to The Language of China, edited by Sun Hongkai and published by the Commercial Press in 2007.

    [9] Quoted from Modern Chinese Dictionary (6th Edition), published by the Commercial Press.

    [10] Quoted from "Encyclopedia of China Language", China Encyclopedia Publishing House.

    [11] This paragraph mainly refers to "China Ethnic Language Work", edited by Jin Xinghua and published by Ethnic Publishing House.

    [12] This paragraph mainly refers to the Language Survey Course edited by Dai Qingxia and the Study on the Present Situation and Evolution of Minority Languages in China.

Integrated mechanism to protect underage victims of sexual assault

  Gao Yue, the author of the comic book "Protect You"

  Legal Daily reporter Wang Chun

  Legal Daily correspondent Jiang Jianfang

  In recent years, the crimes of sexual assault on minors that have occurred from time to time have stung the social nerves again and again. How to prevent and expose the "big bad wolf" around those children and protect their healthy growth? At the recent seminar on the construction of the national unchecked innovation practice base, the Procuratorate of Yinzhou District, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province made an exchange speech entitled "One-stop case handling mechanism construction". Up to now, the Yinzhou District Procuratorate has collected evidence from 62 underage victims in one-stop places.

  Lv Yijun, Party Secretary and Procurator-General of Yinzhou District Procuratorate, told the reporter of Legal Daily that since it was designated as the "National Innovative Practice Base for Minors’ Procuratorial Work" by the Supreme People’s Procuratorate in April 2018, Yinzhou Procuratorate has continuously promoted the construction of innovative practice bases through resource integration, system improvement and technology upgrading, and built an integrated protection system to strive for the ultimate protection of minors.

  Provide one-stop judicial service

  For cases of sexual assault on minors, Chen Hao, director of the Seventh Procuratorate of Yinzhou District Procuratorate, has been nervous. Her mobile phone is connected to the platform of the Public Security 110 Command Center. As long as there is a case of sexual assault on minors in the jurisdiction, she can receive relevant information at the first time.

  After that, the prosecutor of the Seventh Procuratorate will immediately rush to the workstation for the protection of minors in the Second Hospital of Yinzhou, contact the hospital to appoint a doctor to check the victim’s body and extract the certificate, and the public security police will make a record of the victim at the workstation, and the prosecutor will intervene and guide in advance.

  This workstation covers an area of about 60 square meters, with independent elevators and gates. It is arranged warmly and comfortably, which can make the children here relax as much as possible. The whole room is divided into two rooms, the former is an inquiry room and the latter is a physical examination room. The inquiry room is divided into three functional blocks: psychotherapy area, conversation guidance area and case inquiry area. Close-up cameras, panoramic cameras, pickups, switches and other equipment in the inquiry area are convenient for synchronous audio and video recording of the whole inquiry process, and can burn the inquiry process into a CD for subsequent case-handling units to read.

  Such a standardized process benefits from the one-stop place and case-handling mode of "integration of prosecutors and police, cooperation between prosecutors and doctors" initiated by Yinzhou District Procuratorate in 2017.

  Chen Jing, a full-time member of the Seventh Procuratorate of Yinzhou District Procuratorate, said, "In the past judicial practice, in the process of investigation, arrest, public prosecution and trial, the abused minors may be repeatedly questioned and have to tell the details and process of the infringement many times, which is undoubtedly a kind of ‘ Secondary injury ’ . Setting the inquiry place in the hospital, making full use of the resources of all parties, and truly realizing the one-time inquiry, evidence collection and inspection of underage victims, not only protects their privacy, but also protects them from ‘ Secondary injury ’ " .

  In order to make the workstation play an effective role, the Yinzhou District Procuratorate issued the "Detailed Rules for the Use of One-stop Inquiry Room for Juvenile Victims of Sexual Abuse" to refine and improve the one-stop workflow and specific requirements; And the public security department will sign the documents such as Opinions on the Procurator’s Office of Juvenile Criminal Cases in Public Security Organs and Several Opinions on Establishing Interrogation Rules for Juvenile Victims, and further establish information sharing mechanisms, timely intervention in investigation mechanisms, consultation and judgment mechanisms and inquiry mechanisms for victims; And the Second Hospital of Yinzhou signed the Cooperation Agreement on Medical Assistance for Minor Victims of Sexual Assault Cases, and further improved various systems such as relief fees, relief methods, relief scope and relief standards.

  In addition, considering the current situation that most minor victims need assistance, in order to make up for the lack of judicial assistance, Yinzhou District Procuratorate has also led the district love enterprises to set up the "Seven-color Flower" special assistance fund for minors and the Zhongzhe Group’s "Legal-related Assistance Fund for Minors" with a total amount of 3 million yuan.

  Establish a national invasion database

  Chen Qi was deeply impressed by a case in which a kindergarten doorman molested a girl while temporarily taking care of her. Affected by this, girls become taciturn and afraid of others.

  When Chen Qi first met her at the workstation, she hid behind her mother and refused to come out. Chen Qi advised softly, took out a plush toy and handed it to the woman. Only then did the girl slowly put down her guard.

  After the case inquiry was completed, Chen Qi learned that the girl may have stress-related obstacles, so she contacted a psychological counselor to give her psychological counseling, and applied for a 10,000 yuan rescue fund for the girl. She also communicated with the girl’s mother by telephone from time to time to understand the girl’s recent situation. Knowing that the girl’s life is back on track, Chen Qi finally breathed a sigh of relief.

  In Chen Qi’s view, the occurrence of this case revealed that there were problems in the management of personnel employment in kindergartens. However, the lack of supervision in the positions that are in close contact with minors can easily lead to troubles. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the entry examination, establish a database of crimes against minors, and create a "firewall" to prohibit those who have a criminal record of sexual assault from entering these industries.

  Through preliminary investigation, Yinzhou District Procuratorate found that some local procuratorial organs have tried first and set up a local information database on crimes against minors. However, Chen Jing believes: "This kind of database data is limited to the local area, so it is impossible to avoid the dilemma that criminals commit crimes in one place and go to another place to work."

  In order to solve the problem of "protection vacuum" caused by cross-regional and cross-industry, in May this year, Yinzhou District Procuratorate took the lead in establishing a basic information database covering the whole country for employers and competent administrative departments in Yinzhou District who have close contact with minors.

  There are about 370,000 pieces of information in this database, covering the information of qualified personnel aged 18 to 60 who have been punished for rape, child molestation and other criminal acts or administrative punishment for indecent acts in the past 10 years. At the beginning of each month, the information collectors of public security law use big data to update the data in real time.

  In order to standardize the information inquiry mechanism, the Yinzhou District Procuratorate, together with nine units including the Political and Legal Committee of the District Committee, the court and the Public Security Bureau, formulated and promulgated the Inquiry Work System, which stipulates that educational units, training institutions, medical institutions, rescue institutions, youth activity centers and other units or departments that have close contact with minors within their jurisdiction should strengthen the examination of entry personnel, and it is strictly forbidden to employ personnel with criminal records of sexual assault. If a person who has been in the information database commits the crime of sexually assaulting a minor again because he has not inquired or neglected to perform the duties of management and supervision, the responsibility of the relevant personnel shall be investigated. Up to now, Yinzhou District has conducted a general information survey on 11,446 employees, and no abnormalities have been found.

  As soon as the document was issued, employers took the initiative to inquire, otherwise, once a sexual assault case occurred, they would be severely punished. The relevant person in charge of Ningbo Yinzhou Squirrel Hall Education and Training Co., Ltd. believes that training institutions can only recruit teachers according to their resumes. It is necessary to further understand the personal situation of teachers through the employment inquiry mechanism.

  Build an integrated working system

  It is an important duty of procuratorial organs to educate, reform and save minors.

  In February 2018, the "Seven-color Flower" unchecked team of Yinzhou District Procuratorate was established, with 7 female prosecutors and 5 graduate students. The "Seven-color Flower" unchecked team focused on juvenile education, juvenile victim protection and assistance, and juvenile crime prevention, and gradually formed a work pattern of protection integration, case handling mechanism, socialization of assistance and education, and comprehensive prevention.

  In the case of handling the theft of Yang, a Yi teenager with conditional non-prosecution, the team took the lead in launching a diversified model of caring and helping education led by prosecutors, judicial social workers, volunteers and caring people. All parties jointly worked out targeted help and education programs and plans, and the judicial social workers conducted "one-on-one" follow-up guidance on Yang’s volunteer service, community service and labor education. At the same time, the team also arranged for Yang to study cooking in the nursing base from his hobbies and his urgent need to master the skills of making a living. During the inspection, Yang took an active part in voluntary activities and joined the anti-piracy volunteer team in Yinzhou District, realizing the qualitative change from "thief" to "anti-piracy" and giving back to the society with his own actions.

  The Yinzhou District Procuratorate and the District Comprehensive Management Office also jointly issued the Implementation Opinions on Promoting the Integration of Minors’ Protection in Yinzhou District, and established 17 departments including courts, public security bureaus, judicial bureaus, women’s federations and working committees, covering all functional departments involved in the protection of minors, including criminal, civil, administrative, prevention, rescue and other multi-level protection, including judicial social workers, volunteer teams and psychological counselors.

  The "Implementation Opinions" emphasizes that it is necessary to build a one-stop case-handling and rescue mechanism for minor victims, a social support mechanism for minors, a protection and rescue mechanism for children in distress, a publicity and preventive education mechanism for minors under the rule of law, and a public interest litigation mechanism involving minors, so as to form an ideological consensus and working mechanism for the whole region to participate in the integrated protection of minors.

  In order to comprehensively protect minors in all directions, the Yinzhou District Procuratorate has also developed the application platform of "Yinzhou Wisdom Unchecked", which has seven functions: social investigation+suitable adults+care and help+psychological counseling+social assistance+clue reporting+preventive education, and weaves the wisdom protection network for minors.

  In the first half of this year, through the reporting platform of "Yinzhou Wisdom Unchecked", Yinzhou Procuratorate learned that the shops around a school were selling unqualified food, and the team police intervened at the first time, and together with the public security police, they repeatedly investigated and collected evidence, and filed the first criminal incidental civil public interest litigation case in Ningbo with the court. In the end, the court adopted the relevant opinions of the procuratorate, sentenced the defendant to six months in prison, suspended for one year, and fined 10 thousand yuan, prohibiting the defendant from engaging in food production, sales and related activities during the probation period; The defendant unit was fined 15,000 yuan, paid more than 40,000 yuan in compensation for public interest litigation, and publicly apologized in the national media.

Brand development in developed countries

Brand has existed for centuries, and its emergence marks the maturity of the concept of commodity exchange. It can be said that the appearance and development of brand is a social and economic phenomenon and the product of the development of commodity economy to a certain stage.

1. Development history of foreign brands

Brand development in western countries has roughly experienced four periods:

(1) primitive period. Before the invention of movable type printing in 1450, the brand developed in a primitive and unconscious state. However, people have unconsciously applied the concept of brand in business activities. At that time, with the prosperity of economy and the increase of business activities, people began to spread brands by word of mouth.

(2) the germination period. Before the industrial revolution, brand development was in its infancy. At that time, it mainly paid attention to the labeling of products or producers, so it was also called the labeling period. For example, in the western United States, the earliest entrepreneurs (that is, big farmers) branded the company’s logo on the buttocks of animals, and used such an indelible mark to show his ownership of the assets of animals. Since then, the brand has the function of distinguishing from other people’s goods.

(3) growth period. At the end of 18th century and the beginning of 19th century, or after the industrial revolution, western countries experienced rapid economic development, increased products and intensified competition, and brand development entered the growth period or trademark period. The biggest feature of brand development in this period is that enterprises generally attach importance to trademark registration.

The industrial revolution made the machine industry replace manual production, and the manufacturing industry was more developed. In order to strengthen the protection of brands, the trademark system came into being, and brands in the modern sense came into being. Starting with the first car with horizontal bar engine made in Germany in 1886, Coca Cola was born in 1886, Gillette shaver appeared in 1895, Kodak brand was born in 1898, Ford Model T came out in 1908, Boeing brand quietly landed in 1917, Marlboro brand came out in 1924, Nestle coffee came out in 1938, and a number of brands gradually developed and grew.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the earliest legal provisions on trademarks appeared in France. Subsequently, Britain, the United States, Germany and Japan have also promulgated their own trademark laws. Trademark system is popular all over the world, and brands have been recognized and guaranteed by law.

(4) maturity. At the end of 19th century and the beginning of 20th century, the role of brand as an important means of competition gradually emerged. Especially after the Second World War, with the rapid development of science and technology, high technology is widely used in production, enterprise groups are maturing, consumer demand is changing with each passing day, and enterprise competition is unprecedented fierce, thus ushered in the so-called "brand economy" era, and brand development has entered a mature period or brand period. The globalization trend of brand communication is obvious, but it has national characteristics. A large number of brands with unique connotations and advanced concepts have been born, and the research on brands has been deepened day by day. During this period, famous brands such as KFC, McDonald’s, Disney, Toyota, Hitachi, Panasonic and Sony appeared, which has entered the era of brand competition.

2. The development stage of foreign brands

Looking at the development history of foreign brands, it can be summarized into four stages, namely, the formal brand stage, the legal brand stage, the famous brand stage and the commercialized brand stage.

(1) The formalization stage of the brand. In the stage of brand development, the first is the formalization of the brand. From a formal point of view, a brand is a symbol. Since ancient times, people have marked their own livestock with unique marks to distinguish them from other people’s livestock. In English, the word "Brand" means to stamp, indicating the origin and manufacturer of a product or service. In the early days, people widely used formal brands, which started with all kinds of craftsmen marking their products to distinguish them from those made by others. At this stage, when people understand the brand, they only regard it as a form of symbol and mark, so that consumers can distinguish the origin and source of the product through this symbol. This symbol ensures that the product is provided by the same supplier with the same quality and characteristic level, and after the product is sold, it can make the buyer identify the manufacturer of the product and facilitate repair and replacement. This kind of formalized brand also has certain binding force on other product manufacturers, and to some extent, it has played a role in preventing its own products from being counterfeited by others.

(2) The legalization stage of the brand. The significance of brand legalization lies in brand trademark, and brand has become an integral part of intellectual property rights. According to the development of commodity economy and fierce market competition, many western countries have promulgated and promulgated trademark laws and related brand protection regulations, which makes the concept of brand clearly defined in law. Therefore, the brand of goods and services can be protected by law, and the word brand is also reflected in relevant laws. Legalization of brand shows in the legal sense that after the brand is registered, the owner and franchisor of the brand get the protectable property, and can also prevent others from impacting, counterfeiting and hurting. In 1803, France introduced the world’s earliest brand-related law, the Law on Factories, Workshops and Workshops, which defined counterfeiting other people’s trademarks as the crime of forging documents without permission and punished it. The United States began to implement the Federal Trademark Regulations of the United States of America in 1870; Germany also promulgated the Trademark Protection Law in 1874, which made the brand development enter the era of legalization. Brand-related laws that have been recognized and implemented around the world mainly include the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Intellectual Property Rights, which was promulgated and implemented on March 20th, 1883, and the madrid agreement concerning the international registration of marks, which was promulgated and implemented on April 14th, 1891. China is also a member of these two conventions and agreements.

(3) the brand-name stage of the brand. After World War II, great changes have taken place in the world economy, scientific and technological progress has promoted the rapid development of productive forces, people’s material and cultural living standards have been greatly improved, consumers have changed from meeting basic physiological needs to pursuing higher psychologically and spiritually, paying attention to the expression and development of individuality, and there are abundant commodities in the market, and the differences in quality, performance and price of commodities have gradually narrowed. At the same time, due to the joint action of various modern media, the spread and diffusion of commodity brands are more effective and fast, which promotes and influences consumers to form the concept and value trend of brand-name consumption, and the outstanding performance of brand-name products in the market has brought rich super-value profits to enterprises. The demonstration effect of brand-name consumption is to cause people to chase brand-name goods all over the world. During this period, brand has become the focus of market competition among enterprises.

Brand-name brand has become the goal and direction of brand development for all enterprises. Brand-name brand is an outstanding brand among many brands. Brand-name brand goods are symbols of high-quality products and services. They occupy the market and conquer the high-quality goods of users and consumers with their outstanding performance and the appearance of appealing to both refined and popular tastes. From the market performance, the famous brand indicates that the enterprise’s labor is highly recognized by the society, reflects the trend of consumer psychological preference and cultural taste, is the unity of social material and spiritual values, and is the biggest feature of modern social consumption concept and cultural value orientation. During this period, many famous brands began to appear in various markets around the world, such as Coca-Cola drinks in the United States, Kodak films, Ford cars and Toyota cars in Japan. Famous brands have become a powerful weapon for enterprises to participate in international market competition in this period.

(4) the commercialization stage of the brand. When the world began to pay close attention to intellectual property rights, enterprise merger and brand export, and the implementation of franchising and other management, the formal meaning, legal attributes and branding of the brand could not fully explain the true meaning of the brand. It can be said that the nature of the brand has changed suddenly, that is, the brand has the characteristics of general commodity value and exchange function, and the commodity attributes of the brand have emerged. A brand is a commodity, which has the general attributes and characteristics of a commodity, and its development has entered the era of brand commercialization. Enterprises with brands pay more attention to the connotation of the brand and the intangible assets value of the brand itself.

When marketing activities are carried out, brands are integrated into business assets as intellectual property and intangible assets of enterprises. When enterprises merge and expand, brand assets have become an important asset composition of asset merger and reorganization. Even the brand can be auctioned as an independent asset when the enterprise goes bankrupt. For example, the famous British car brand manufacturer "Rolle Period-Roy Period" was transferred to the German Volkswagen Company at a price of hundreds of millions of pounds during the merger of the enterprise. Developed countries make use of the commodity characteristics of brands to export brands to developing countries in the international market, and adopt the way of licensing brands as an investment in local enterprises, implement franchising and realize the brand expansion strategy. For example, in many Coca-Cola production plants and filling lines around the world, the Coca-Cola Company has no direct investment, but only provides licenses for the use of Coca-Cola stock solution and Coca-Cola brands, and enterprises that use brands have to pay a considerable amount of brand use fees every year. Another example is the licensee who uses McDonald’s brand. In addition to the initial cost of about 600,000 US dollars, he will also pay McDonald’s brand service fee and brand use fee, which account for 11.5% of its operating income. It can be said that the era of brand commercialization has arrived. (The author is a member of the writing team of Brand Innovation)

Shanghai white-collar workers: Do you know the secret of survival in the workplace?

In this bustling international metropolis-Shanghai, there are a group of special groups living. They shuttle between high-rise buildings every day and are busy with various business activities and social occasions. They are the white-collar professionals in this city. White-collar workers in Shanghai are famous for their unique professional attitudes, lifestyles and close ties with urban development.

In Shanghai, the work pressure of white-collar workers is enormous. Every morning, when the first ray of sunshine shines on the streets of this city, countless white-collar workers have embarked on the journey to work. They either take the subway and are squeezed into "sardines" in crowded carriages; Or travel by car and wait anxiously on the congested road. After entering the office, they began a busy and intense day. Faced with a mountain of documents, endless meetings and endless projects, they often need to work overtime until late at night. However, even if they are physically and mentally exhausted, they still maintain a high degree of professionalism and professionalism, and strive to complete every task.

This high-intensity work pressure makes many white-collar workers have to sacrifice their personal lives. For them, weekends are often not a time to rest and relax, but a day to deal with work, attend training courses or socialize with customers. In this state for a long time, many white-collar workers have health problems, such as insomnia, anxiety and depression. But even so, they still insist on gritting their teeth, because they know that in this highly competitive society, only by making more efforts can they get better career development opportunities.

White-collar workers in Shanghai are not just working machines. They are busy, but also have a colorful lifestyle. After work, they will invite three or five friends to the bar for a drink to release the pressure at work; Or walk into the cinema and enjoy an audio-visual feast; I will also go to the gym to sweat and keep healthy. On weekends, they will participate in various interest groups or outdoor activities, such as photography, mountaineering, cycling, etc., to enrich their spare time. These seemingly simple activities not only free them from intense work, but also provide them with opportunities to communicate and learn from others, making their lives more substantial and meaningful.

Besides work and entertainment, white-collar workers in Shanghai also attach great importance to their own growth and development. They actively participate in various training courses and industry seminars to continuously improve their professional skills and knowledge. In this era of information explosion, they understand that only by continuous learning can they keep pace with the times and not be eliminated by society. At the same time, they are also keen to read all kinds of books, from literature and art to science and technology, and extensively dabble in various fields of knowledge to enrich their connotations and horizons.

In Shanghai, a vibrant city, the lifestyle of white-collar workers is closely linked to social changes. With the development of economy and social progress, people’s material living standards are constantly improving, and the demand for spiritual culture is also growing. White-collar workers pursue not only material satisfaction, but also spiritual prosperity. They began to pay attention to social issues such as environmental protection and public welfare undertakings, and actively participated in various volunteer activities to contribute their own strength to society. This change in values reflects people’s yearning and pursuit for a better life in modern society.

In the pursuit of career success, white-collar workers in Shanghai are also facing many challenges and puzzles. How to maintain physical and mental health under high-intensity work pressure? How to balance family and personal life in busy work? These problems have been bothering them. In order to find the answer, they keep exploring and trying to find a lifestyle that suits them.

Some white-collar workers choose to slow down and return to family life. They realize that the companionship and support of family members is the cornerstone of their career success. Therefore, they will try their best to spend time with their families and spend warm time together. Some white-collar workers choose to quit their jobs and pursue their dreams. They believe that only when they do what they love can they truly realize the value of life.

White-collar workers in Shanghai have shown their perseverance and positive attitude in this international metropolis. While pursuing career success, they are constantly exploring how to balance the relationship between personal life and work. Their stories are not only about the course of personal struggle and growth, but also about the vivid portrayal of the influence of social changes on people’s values. Through their experiences, we have seen the challenges and opportunities faced by modern urbanites in the fast-paced life, and also felt their yearning and pursuit for a better life. I hope everyone who works hard in the city can find their own balance in their busy work and live a full and happy life.

Promoting "Three Integration and Five Spans" and Building a National Integrated "Internet+Government Services" Technology and Service System

  Recently, the General Office of the State Council issued the Guide for the Construction of the Technical System of "Internet+Government Services" (hereinafter referred to as "the Guide"), which is an important measure for the state to promote the overall layout of "five in one" and the coordinated promotion of the "four comprehensive" strategic layout, make great efforts to promote the structural reform of the supply side of the government, deepen the integration of decentralization and administration, optimize service reform, further optimize public services and innovate administrative management.

  First, a deep understanding of the great significance of "Internet+government services"

  (A) to promote the "Internet+government services" is the consistent purpose of our party to serve the people wholeheartedly. Serving the people wholeheartedly is the foundation of our party and the source of strength for our party to always maintain its vitality. The CPC Central Committee and the State Council have always attached great importance to serving the people. Promoting "Internet+government services" means taking the people as the center, effectively solving the problems of "too many permits, difficult work, circular proof and wonderful proof", making it easier and faster for enterprises and the masses to do things, and further enhancing the public’s sense of acquisition.

  (2) Promoting "Internet+government services" is an important way to modernize the national governance system and governance capacity. Accelerating the construction of "Internet+government service" technology and service system in an all-round way is of great significance for deepening the reform of administrative system, transforming government functions, strengthening top-level design and resource integration, promoting government data sharing and business collaboration, and building a government ruled by law, innovative government, clean government and service-oriented government.

  (C) Promoting "Internet+government services" is a powerful starting point for deepening the "streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services" reform. At present, the "streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services" reform needs to be vigorously promoted with the courage of a strong man and the spirit of artisans, and with "greater openness, better management and better service", the transformation of government functions and the release of development potential will be continuously and deeply promoted. However, there are still many weak links in government services, and the innovative model of "internet plus" will become the key direction and an important starting point for the in-depth development of "streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services" reform.

  Second, it is imperative to speed up the construction of a national integrated "Internet+government services" technology and service system.

  This time, the General Office of the State Council, together with relevant research institutions and some local departments, conducted in-depth research and formulated and issued the Guide, designed the national integrated technology and service system of "Internet+government services", put forward the information-based solution path and operation method to optimize the supply of government services, and provided important reference and guidance for various regions and departments to build online government service platforms. At the same time, it is also an active practice to implement the spirit of the important instructions of the Supreme Leader General Secretary on "building a national integrated national big data center".

  (1) Building a unified business support system based on the standardization of the list of items.

  It is the fundamental premise for government departments at all levels to carry out online government services and optimize the supply of government online services to sort out government services and re-engineer business processes. Based on the standardized management of the list of items, a unified business support system is constructed. The Guide requires: First, a unified catalogue list. The list of contents is compiled according to laws and regulations, including the basic elements such as the name of the item, the type of the item, the legal basis and the basic code, and does not correspond to the institution. Unified directory list to achieve the same government services at different levels and in different regions, and its basic elements are completely unified. The second is to standardize the elements of the implementation list. The implementing agency of government services will refine and improve the government services in the list of contents, and form a specific implementation list. The elements of the implementation list include 36 full elements, such as event name, basic code, setting basis, event type, implementation code and exercise content. The implementation list is the basis for compiling the government service guide, managing the government service matters and operating the management. The third is to establish a unified event management database. Relevant departments shall dynamically maintain the elements and contents of specific matters according to their respective functions and authorities, strengthen the joint management and application of government service matters, and realize the unification, synchronous update, open homology and multi-use of government service matters data.

  (2) Building a unified basic platform system with data sharing as the core.

  Online government service platform is an important carrier to implement "Internet+government service", which mainly realizes the functions of unified application, unified acceptance, centralized handling, unified feedback and whole process supervision of government service. The core of building an integrated online government service platform is to integrate and utilize existing resources and promote data sharing and exchange among government departments. The "Guide" proposes: First, open up the government service platform and business handling system, and connect information on matters, acceptance information, application materials, handling links and completion information to achieve one-stop service. The second is to support cross-departmental, cross-level and cross-regional information sharing, and realize that government service matters can be handled nearby, in the same city and in different places. The third is to promote the docking of the business processing system centrally deployed by the higher authorities and the lower government service platform, reduce the repeated entry of information, and improve the efficiency of government service. The fourth is to realize the sharing and utilization of basic information resources such as population, legal persons, credit information and electronic licenses, and to maximize the use value of data. The national government service platform should undertake the function of access guidance and support cross-provincial (autonomous regions and municipalities) access to national basic information resources.

  (three) to identity authentication, electronic license, security, etc., to build a unified support technology system.

  "Internet+government service" is the innovation of government service mode and process. Because of the characteristics of government’s own operating mechanism, it puts forward new requirements for the in-depth application of Internet technology and traditional information technology. Taking online identity authentication as an example, all regions and departments have built independent identity authentication systems in the work of online government services. For individuals, if they want to use the services provided by the government, they must register and verify, and maintaining multiple different user names and passwords has become a burden. For corporate users, it is necessary to register and use multiple certificates and media when conducting electronic bidding and other services across provinces, which also increases the cost. With the in-depth development of "Internet+Government Services", especially for some government services, it is necessary to solve the problem of real-name verification (that is, to prove that registered users are "I am me"), which in turn leads to the security risk of personal privacy data disclosure, and puts forward higher requirements for the functional complexity and security guarantee ability of the identity authentication system. On the basis of summing up the exploration experience in various places, the Guide regulates key technical links such as real-name authentication, electronic license, electronic seal and security, laying a foundation for gradually promoting a unified support and security technical system.

  (D) to build a unified supervision and assessment system by means of electronic monitoring and third-party assessment.

  Supervision and assessment is an important means to ensure the implementation of various tasks of "Internet+Government Services". The Guide proposes to adopt the method of "combining internal and external", organically combine internal government supervision with third-party evaluation, and promote the implementation of supervision and assessment. The first is to supervise and inspect the internal operation process of government services by means of electronic supervision. Real-time collection of government service operation data, automatic early warning and alarm for five abnormal situations, such as timeliness, process, content, discretion (charge) and integrity risk point. Open the monitoring result data and accept public supervision. The second is to organize third-party evaluation based on user experience. Around the completeness of service mode, coverage of service items, accuracy of service guide, depth of online service, effectiveness of online service, etc., scientifically set up an online government service evaluation index system to evaluate the supply capacity and service quality of online government service.

  Third, "three integrations and five spans", give full play to the public foundation supporting role of the national e-government extranet.

  The core of constructing "Internet+government service" technology and service system lies in information sharing. As a unified government network platform, the national e-government extranet has basically achieved full coverage at the provincial, prefecture and county levels (coverage rates are 100%, 94.6% and 90.6% respectively), and has gradually extended to township streets, horizontally connecting 133 central government departments and related units. At the same time, a unified data sharing and exchange platform for the government extranet has also been initially established. A number of cross-departmental and cross-level sharing and exchange services, such as the national online investment approval platform, the national credit sharing and exchange, and the national public resource transaction, rely on the unified data sharing and exchange platform for the government extranet to operate.

  In the next step, we will give full play to the role and value of public infrastructure of the extranet of government affairs, strongly support technology integration, business integration and data integration, and realize cross-level, cross-regional, cross-system, cross-departmental and cross-business collaborative management and services.

  (1) lay a solid foundation. Further strengthen the construction and application of the national e-government extranet platform, and create a new e-government infrastructure with "network access, business access to the cloud, data sharing and unified authentication".

  (2) One network is connected. Relying on the extranet of government affairs, we will promote the construction of electronic license database and the cross-level, cross-regional and cross-departmental application of electronic licenses, unify the identity authentication system, and build a "one network" for convenience services.

  (3) Sharing and collaboration. Based on decentralized data sharing and exchange platforms at all levels, we will integrate and establish a nationwide data sharing and exchange platform system, realize multi-level docking and intercommunication between national platforms and local platforms, and promote the smooth flow of government information resources across regions, levels and departments and the efficient cooperation of business.

  (4) Integrated service. The government extranet will actively participate in the construction of a unified online government service platform, support the integration and construction of a comprehensive service window and an integrated government service system, and form a convenient, fast, fair, inclusive, high-quality and efficient online government service system. (Zhou Min, Deputy Director of National Information Center)

Looking back at the history of bicycles and motorcycles from the military, we can explore the wonderful past of "going to war alone"

Ride all the way to the battlefield

■ Zhang Naiqian

"Helicopter+motorcycle", can you imagine that this will become a "magic combination" on the modern battlefield? At the Dubai Air Show held not long ago, a UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter displayed by the United Arab Emirates carried an electric all-terrain motorcycle through a special side hitch. According to reports, the "combination" aims to use helicopters to bring the special warfare team into the mission area and complete the rapid assault by riding a motorcycle in the "last mile" of the battlefield.

Riding all the way to the battlefield was once a real historical picture. Whether bicycles or motorcycles, these "small two-wheeled land vehicles" were quickly put into the battlefield as soon as they came out, and a number of classic weapons were successively produced in magic change. Today, we can still see them in the armies of various countries.

In this issue of "Wide Angle of Weapons", let’s look back at the "Hundred Years’ Military History" of bicycles and motorcycles and explore the wonderful past of "going to war alone".

They have a "hundred years of military history"-

The battlefield iron horse emerged.

In the classic French comedy film "Escape from Danger" of World War II, the scene of German soldiers riding military motorcycles and chasing British pilots all the way made people sweat for the brave and tenacious pilots, and at the same time, they deeply realized the unique role of military motorcycles in mobile operations on the battlefield. In another World War II movie "War Day", the Danish army that resisted the German "Armored Corps" turned out to be an army equipped with bicycles.

Look at all kinds of bicycles and bike-sharing now shuttling through the streets. Have you ever thought that their "predecessors" used to be "iron horses in the battlefield"? Since ancient times, the pursuit of flexibility and mobility has been the eternal goal of the armies of various countries. Compared with horses, they need to be fed and carefully cared for. Bicycles are light and flexible to use, do not consume fuel, have low noise and are easy to hide. They can not only transport soldiers, but also cross rugged mountain roads. It’s no wonder that bicycles were quickly favored by armies of various countries after their birth.

On the battlefield of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, the first military bicycle appeared. Prussian messengers rode bicycles to transmit information and orders on the battlefield, and the French army also sent bicycle squads to frequently penetrate the Prussian rear to spy on information. During the First World War, bicycles became one of the main equipment of the armies of the participating countries. France, Belgium and Britain each have more than 100,000 bicycle troops. Every light infantry battalion of the German Army has specially set up a bicycle company.

During the Second World War, the United States, the Soviet Union and Germany each had their own star "war horse". The American Harley-Davidson WLA motorcycle shines brilliantly on the battlefield, and the Soviet M-72 motorcycle is easy to produce and durable. The BMW R12, R35, R71 and R75 are all favored by the Germans. During the Iran-Iraq War, Iranian soldiers riding motorcycles quickly attacked the Iraqi army’s tank cluster, using rocket launchers, anti-tank grenades and burning grenades to storm the tank forces, and interpreted a unique war history of "motorcycles hitting tanks".

Today, bicycles and motorcycles are still indispensable and important "cars" for soldiers under complex terrain conditions. Regardless of the war in Afghanistan or Iraq, the U.S. military defines bicycles as special auxiliary equipment for Stryker armored vehicles and Hummer off-road vehicles. Once the vehicle breaks down, is destroyed or cannot pass through the terrain, the US military can take out its bicycle and ride all the way to the battlefield. In the open exercise screen of the Iranian Army in 2021, you can also see the scene of soldiers riding motorcycles to quickly launch a battlefield assault.


Swiss M93 military bicycle.

Bmw R75 motorcycle.

Not just a means of transportation—

Focus on operations and install "magic change"

At the China International Aviation and Aerospace Expo in 2018, China Aerospace Science and Technology Group displayed the "Cang Lang" missile launching system, which installed a multi-purpose missile launcher on an all-terrain motorcycle. The "infantry assault vehicle" equipped by the Nigerian Army can fully adapt to the local combat environment by installing protective shields and RPK series machine guns on motorcycles, and realize the integration of battlefield mobility and fire assault.

Since bicycles and motorcycles joined the army, they have been used for battlefield maneuvering, improving quick reaction ability, undertaking reconnaissance, vigilance and transportation tasks, and also quickly entered the battlefield "magic change" era with various weapons. British-designed BSA military bicycle has a rifle support clip installed at the seat strut for fixing guns; Italians who dare to "try early" put Maxim’s heavy machine guns on tandem two-seater bicycles; Germany also installed anti-tank weapons and light mortars on TR-FA bicycles. These "machine-gun chariots" react quickly, and the bomb load is not small in the case of multi-vehicle cooperation. They are strange weapons with both offensive and defensive functions on the battlefield.

Compared with bicycles, motorcycles are also a good platform for carrying weapons. During World War II, the Germans equipped heavy-duty sidecar motorcycles with machine guns, carrying several boxes of machine gun bullets and sometimes a light mortar. During the Battle of Berlin in 1945, the Germans used armed bicycles and motorcycles to infiltrate and sneak attack Soviet armored forces and destroyed a number of Soviet tanks.

Another one written in the history of weapons is the German Sdkfz.2 semi-crawler motorcycle. The first half of this motorcycle is no different from ordinary motorcycles, but the second half uses staggered load wheels and crawler-type walking devices, so it is called "Centaur". In 1941, this type of motorcycle was officially put into operation on the eastern front by the German army in the Barbarosa operation, showing its strong passing ability on the muddy road conditions on the battlefield. In fact, whether it is transporting ammunition, pulling artillery, or pulling a few heavily armed soldiers to support the front line, its battlefield performance is remarkable, and the German Air Force even uses it to tow aircraft, which is called the "all-purpose oil" equipment of the Germans on the battlefield.


Will motorcycle.


German semi-crawler motorcycle.

Get through the "last mile" of the battlefield-

The wheels are rolling and the stage is vast.

With the smoke of World War II dispersed, mechanization and informatization have become the main theme of military development in various countries, and a large number of mechanized equipment have been installed one after another. As "veterans" in the military, bicycles and motorcycles seem to be slowly retiring. In fact, as a portable vehicle that can get through the "last mile" of the battlefield, cycling vehicles still have a broad stage in the modern battlefield.

Rapid force delivery should not be underestimated. As the most "bicycle-loving" army, the Swiss bicycle force was not abolished until the beginning of this century. When you open the map, you can find that Switzerland, which has many mountains and lakes, is a "paradise" for cycling troops. They can cross most mountain roads without fuel and fight in various complex terrain conditions. For this reason, even though the special bicycle troops were cancelled, Switzerland still has not given up military bicycles. Besides exercising physical fitness and adapting to the unique mountain environment, it is also specially used for special forces. Compared with bicycles, armies all over the world still keep a certain number of military motorcycles. Germany’s latest "BMW" F850 GS military motorcycle is a cross-country motorcycle specially used for fast maneuvering.

Folding portability is favored by officers and men. In addition to constantly improving the attack capability, folding and portability has also become the direction of bicycle and motorcycle modification. During World War II, British and German airborne troops were equipped with folding paratroopers’ bicycles. Britain has specially designed Will folding motorcycles for British special operations forces and airborne troops. After the motorcycle is folded and airdropped by a special umbrella bag, it can be unfolded and set off within 10 seconds. In the 1980s, multifunctional mountain bikes and foldable paratroopers developed by the US Department of Defense entered the US military service. The "Paratrooper" folding bicycle weighs 14 kilograms, can carry 150 kilograms, and the length and width of the body are not more than 90 centimeters. The bicycle can be folded or unfolded within 30 seconds. Because it is light and small, the "paratrooper" folding bicycle can be tied to the outside of tanks and armored vehicles, or hung on the paratroopers’ chest to skydive together, giving paratroopers flexible and fast mobility.

Electric silent or become the trend of the times. The electric car has good mute performance, and the sound it makes is even smaller than the voice of people. It can be used for special forces to quickly pass through rugged terrain and launch battlefield raids quietly. The "EZ Rider" electric vehicle being tested by the US Special Forces and the Israel Defense Forces can haul 250 kilograms of materials and travel nearly 40 kilometers on a single charge, which is suitable for special forces. The "Golan" electric off-road vehicle developed by Russia has a top speed of 110 kilometers per hour and a cruising range of 370 kilometers with additional batteries. Russia also specially installed AK-74 rifles, RPG rocket launchers and Grenade launchers for the "Golan" electric off-road vehicle, in order to play an important role in future special forces’ ambush and reconnaissance operations.

Layout design: Xie An

E-mail for this edition: jfjbbqdg@163.com

Continue to promote medical reform and reduce the burden of medical treatment for the masses

  Cctv news(News Network): In January this year, the new version of the national medical insurance drug list was implemented, and the national negotiated drugs have been equipped in more than 150,000 designated medical institutions across the country.

  Mr. Xie, a citizen of Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, bought a national medical insurance negotiation drug in a retail pharmacy, which is a targeted drug for the treatment of malignant tumors.

  On January 1st this year, the new national medical insurance catalogue was implemented, and 67 kinds of drugs were added through negotiation, with an average price reduction of 62%, covering the demand for drugs such as tumors, chronic diseases and rare diseases. To reduce the drug burden of the masses, it is not only that drugs can be "reimbursed" in medical insurance, but also that people can use drugs conveniently and quickly, so as to improve the accessibility of negotiated drugs. In order to solve the problem of negotiating drugs landing, in May last year, the National Medical Insurance Bureau put forward a "dual-channel" management mechanism for negotiating drugs, determined that designated retail pharmacies should be included in the supply guarantee scope of medical insurance drugs, and implemented a unified payment policy with medical institutions. By the end of February 2022, the negotiated drugs in the new national medical insurance drug list during the agreement period were equipped in 154,700 designated medical institutions nationwide, of which 42,100 were designated medical institutions and 112,600 were designated retail pharmacies.

  According to the National Medical Insurance Bureau, in January this year alone, during the agreement period, 17.7387 million people were reimbursed for drugs negotiated, and the medical insurance fund spent 5.197 billion yuan, with an average actual reimbursement rate of 69.12%.

  Since 2018, a total of six batches of drugs have been purchased by the state, and a total of 234 drugs have been purchased, involving 30% of the total annual procurement of chemicals in public medical institutions. According to the purchase amount before centralized procurement, the accumulated cost savings are more than 260 billion yuan.

Brake failure, driver school delivery hit students, how to define the responsibility? The court ruled!

On the way back to the classroom after class exercises.

The driver injured a student in school because the brakes were out of control.

Who should be responsible for drivers and schools?

recent days

The Ziyang District Court of Yiyang City, Hunan Province heard this case.

Cases involving campus safety

Please see this case ~

The picture comes from the network.

In February, 2022, when Li delivered the goods to a vocational school in Yiyang by car and returned to the downhill section of the campus, he lost control of the brakes and collided with 17-year-old Song, who was on his way back to the classroom after class exercises, causing Song to be injured. Later, Song was sent to the hospital for treatment, and the medical expenses were 34,176.29 yuan. After identification, Song’s right medial and lateral ankle fracture line involved the epiphysis, which was a grade 10 disability; Multiple fractures of the right foot cause complete destruction of the arch structure of the right foot, which is a grade 9 disability.

Afterwards, Song sued a vocational school, Li and the vehicle insurance company driven by Li to the court, demanding compensation for medical expenses, follow-up treatment fees, hospitalization food subsidies and other losses totaling 296,673 yuan.

After trial, the court held that citizens’ right to life and health was protected by law. If another person infringes upon a citizen’s personal rights due to his fault, he shall bear civil liability for compensation. The vehicle involved in the accident is owned by Li and has been insured with compulsory motor vehicle traffic accident liability insurance. According to Article 43 of the Regulations on Compulsory Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident Liability Insurance, for Song’s loss, the insurance company shall be liable for compensation within the limit of compulsory motor vehicle traffic accident liability insurance, and the rest shall be liable for compensation according to the degree of fault of all parties.

In this case, when driving on campus, Li should ensure the safety of pedestrians, especially on downhill roads, and pay attention to avoiding pedestrians. Li injured Song, who was returning to the classroom because of brake failure, and his fault was the root cause of the accident, and he should bear all the responsibility for the accident; A vocational school failed to fulfill the corresponding obligation of prompting and supervising the vehicles coming to the school. During the dissolution of recess exercise, it should try to avoid the traffic of vehicles on campus, thus inferring that a vocational school failed to fulfill its management responsibilities, and according to the provisions of Article 1201 of the Civil Code of People’s Republic of China (PRC), it was determined that the school should bear 30% of the supplementary liability for compensation.

Based on the above situation, the court ruled that the insurance company compensated Song for medical expenses, follow-up treatment expenses, hospital food subsidies, nursing expenses and other losses of 180,000 yuan within 10 days from the effective date of the judgment; Li compensated Song for medical expenses, follow-up treatment expenses, hospital food subsidies, nursing expenses and other losses of 81,536.99 yuan within 10 days from the effective date of this judgment; A vocational school shall bear the supplementary compensation liability within the range of 24,461.09 yuan when Li can’t pay off the above sum. After the school bears the above supplementary compensation liability, it has the right to recover from Li.

01

The accident happened in a closed campus. Is it a road traffic accident?

This case is a dispute over damages caused by an accident when a vehicle passes outside the road. If a motor vehicle is damaged by a traffic accident, it shall be liable for compensation in accordance with the relevant provisions of the road traffic safety law. Article 77 of the Road Traffic Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China stipulates that accidents that occur when vehicles pass outside the road shall be handled with reference to the relevant provisions of the Road Traffic Safety Law. Article 25 of the Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Laws in the Trial of Road Traffic Accident Damage Compensation Cases stipulates that the provisions of this Interpretation may be applied with reference to damage compensation cases caused by motor vehicles passing outside roads. In this case, Song was injured by a motor vehicle in a non-road traffic accident on campus, and his personal injury compensation can be handled in accordance with the above-mentioned legal provisions.

02

Who will bear the responsibility for the traffic accident on the way to delivery?

According to the provisions of Article 1191 of the Civil Code of People’s Republic of China (PRC), if a student suffers personal injury from an off-campus person while he is at school, the infringer shall bear the responsibility. If the staff of the employing unit causes damage to others due to the execution of work tasks, the employing unit shall bear the tort liability. In this case, a maintenance service co., Ltd. contracted the maintenance and cleaning project of the drainage ditch and septic tank in the male and female dormitory of the school. Li, an outsider in this case, is not a worker or employee of the company, but a deliveryman. Because of his fault, he should bear all the responsibilities.

03

Does the school take responsibility for the accident on campus?

According to Article 1201 of the Civil Code of People’s Republic of China (PRC), if a person without or with limited capacity for civil conduct suffers personal injury from a third person outside the kindergarten, school or other educational institution during his study and life, the third person shall bear the tort liability; Kindergartens, schools or other educational institutions that fail to fulfill their management responsibilities shall bear corresponding supplementary responsibilities. Article 9, paragraph 2, of the Measures for Handling Student Injury Accidents stipulates that if the school safety management system has obvious omissions or management confusion and fails to take timely measures to cause student injury, the school shall bear corresponding responsibilities according to law.

At the time of the incident, Song was a person with limited capacity. During the dissolution of the class exercise, when Li was driving on campus, the school did not have managers to stop reminding him. It can be seen that the school’s safety management was negligent and did not do its due management duties, which caused Song’s personal injury accident. If the school is at fault, it should bear corresponding supplementary responsibilities. After the school assumes the supplementary responsibility, it can recover from Li.

In addition, students are injured from time to time due to construction on campus. During construction, the school should not only educate students about safety, but also make necessary control over related work, always reminding them to pay attention to the safety of teachers and students and create a safe campus environment.

Original title: "Brake failure, driver school delivery hits students, how to define the responsibility? The court ruled! 》

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